Chemistry: The Central Science (14th Edition)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780134414232
Author: Theodore E. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward, Matthew E. Stoltzfus
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 8, Problem 90AE
Calculate the formal charge on the indicated atom in each of the following molecules or ions:
a. the central oxygen atom in 03,
b. phosphorus in PF
c.nitrogen in N02
d. iodine in IC13,
e.chlorine in HC104 (hydrogen is bonded to O).
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4.Examine the model and real structures for SO2.
A.In what way does the central atom violate the octet rule? When is it possible for molecules to have this exception to the octet rule?
B.Calculate the difference in the bond angle between the real and model structure? Is this difference larger or smaller than the difference observed for H2O? Why is the deviation between the real and model structure different for SO2compared to H2O?
The deviation for H2O is 5 degrees
Use Lewis symbols and Lewis structures to diagram the formationof PF3 from P and F atoms, showing valence-shellelectrons. (a) How many valence electrons does P have initially?(b) How many valence electrons does each F haveinitially? (c) How many valence electrons surround the P inthe PF3 molecule? (d) How many valence electrons surroundeach F in the PF3 molecule? (e) How many bonding pairs ofelectrons are in the PF3 molecule?
There are two main types of covalent bond breakage. In ho-molytic breakage , each atom in the bond gets one of the shared electrons. In some cases, the electronega-tivity of adjacent atoms affects the bond energy. In heterolytic breakage, one atom gets both electrons and the other gets none;thus, a cation and an anion form. (a) Why is the C−C bond in H₃C−CF₃(423 kJ/mol) strongerthan that in H₃C−CH₃(376 kJ/mol)?(b) Use bond energy and any other data to calculate the heat ofreaction for the heterolytic cleavage of O₂.
Chapter 8 Solutions
Chemistry: The Central Science (14th Edition)
Ch. 8.2 - Which of the these elements is most likely to from...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 8.1.2PECh. 8.2 - Which of the following bond is the most polar? H-F...Ch. 8.2 - Prob. 8.2.2PECh. 8.3 - Prob. 8.3.1PECh. 8.3 - Prob. 8.3.2PECh. 8.4 - Which of the following bonds is the most polar? a....Ch. 8.4 - Which of the following bonds is most polar: S-Cl,...Ch. 8.4 - Prob. 8.5.1PECh. 8.4 - The dipole moment of chlorine monofluoride,...
Ch. 8.5 - Which of the these molecules has a Lewis structure...Ch. 8.5 -
How many valence electrons should appear in the...Ch. 8.5 - Compare the lewis symbol for neon the structure...Ch. 8.5 - Prob. 8.7.2PECh. 8.5 - Prob. 8.8.1PECh. 8.5 - Prob. 8.8.2PECh. 8.5 - Prob. 8.9.1PECh. 8.5 - Prob. 8.9.2PECh. 8.6 - Which of the statements about resonance is true?...Ch. 8.6 - Prob. 8.10.2PECh. 8.7 - Prob. 8.11.1PECh. 8.7 - Prob. 8.11.2PECh. 8 - Prob. 1DECh. 8 - Prob. 1ECh. 8 - Prob. 2ECh. 8 - A portion of a two-dimensional "slab" of NaCl(s)...Ch. 8 - Prob. 4ECh. 8 - Prob. 5ECh. 8 - Incomplete Lewis structures for the nitrous acid...Ch. 8 - Prob. 7ECh. 8 - Prob. 8ECh. 8 - Prob. 9ECh. 8 - True or false: The hydrogen atom is most stable...Ch. 8 - Consider the element silicon, Si. Write its...Ch. 8 - Write the electron configuration for the element...Ch. 8 - Prob. 13ECh. 8 - What is the Lewis symbol for each of the following...Ch. 8 - Using Lewis symbols, diagram the reaction between...Ch. 8 - Use Lewis symbols to represent the reaction that...Ch. 8 - Predict the chemical formula of the ionic compound...Ch. 8 - Prob. 18ECh. 8 - Prob. 19ECh. 8 - Prob. 20ECh. 8 - Is lattice energy usually endothermic or...Ch. 8 - NaCI and KF have the same crystal structure. The...Ch. 8 - Prob. 23ECh. 8 - Prob. 24ECh. 8 - Consider the ionic compounds KF, NaCl, NaBr, and...Ch. 8 - Which of the following trends in lattice energy is...Ch. 8 - Energy is required to remove two electrons from Ca...Ch. 8 - Prob. 28ECh. 8 - Use data from Appendix C, Figure 7.10, and Figure...Ch. 8 - Prob. 30ECh. 8 - Prob. 31ECh. 8 - Prob. 32ECh. 8 - Using Lewis symbols and Lewis structures, diagram...Ch. 8 - Use Lewis symbols and Lewis structures to diagram...Ch. 8 - Prob. 35ECh. 8 - Prob. 36ECh. 8 - Prob. 37ECh. 8 - What is the trend in electronegativity going from...Ch. 8 - Prob. 39ECh. 8 - By referring only to the periodic table, select...Ch. 8 - which of the following bonds are polar? B-F,...Ch. 8 - Arrange the bonds in each of the following sets in...Ch. 8 - Prob. 43ECh. 8 - Prob. 44ECh. 8 - In the following pairs of binary compounds,...Ch. 8 - Prob. 46ECh. 8 - Prob. 47ECh. 8 - Write Lewis structures for the following: H2CO...Ch. 8 - Prob. 49ECh. 8 - Draw the dominant Lewis structure for the...Ch. 8 - Write Lewis structures that obey the octet rule...Ch. 8 - Prob. 52ECh. 8 - Prob. 53ECh. 8 - Prob. 54ECh. 8 - Prob. 55ECh. 8 - Prob. 56ECh. 8 - Prob. 57ECh. 8 - Prob. 58ECh. 8 - Prob. 59ECh. 8 - Prob. 60ECh. 8 - Prob. 61ECh. 8 - 8.62 For Group 3A-7A elements in the third row of...Ch. 8 - Draw the Lewis structures for each of the...Ch. 8 - Prob. 64ECh. 8 - In the vapor phase, BeCl2exists as a discrete...Ch. 8 -
8.66
Describe the molecule xenon trioxide, XeO3,...Ch. 8 -
8.67 There are many Lewis structures you could...Ch. 8 - Prob. 68ECh. 8 - Using Table 8.3, estimate H for each of the...Ch. 8 - Using Table 8.3, estimate H for the following...Ch. 8 - State whether each of these statements is true or...Ch. 8 - Prob. 72ECh. 8 - Prob. 73ECh. 8 - Prob. 74ECh. 8 - Prob. 75ECh. 8 - Prob. 76ECh. 8 - A new compound is made that has a C-C bond length...Ch. 8 - A new compound is made that has an N-N bond length...Ch. 8 - Prob. 79AECh. 8 - Prob. 80AECh. 8 - An ionic substance of formula MX has a lattice...Ch. 8 - Prob. 82AECh. 8 - Prob. 83AECh. 8 - Prob. 84AECh. 8 - Consider the collection of nonmetallic elements 0,...Ch. 8 - The substance chlorine monoxide, CIO(g), is...Ch. 8 -
[8.87]
a. using the electronegativities of Br...Ch. 8 - Prob. 88AECh. 8 - Although I3- is a known ion, F3- is not. a. Draw...Ch. 8 - Calculate the formal charge on the indicated atom...Ch. 8 - The hypochlorite ion, CIO- , is the active...Ch. 8 - Prob. 92AECh. 8 - a. Triazine, C3 H3N3, is like benzene except that...Ch. 8 - Prob. 94IECh. 8 - Prob. 95IECh. 8 - Prob. 96IECh. 8 - Prob. 97IECh. 8 - Prob. 98IECh. 8 - Prob. 99IECh. 8 - Prob. 100IECh. 8 - Prob. 101IECh. 8 - Prob. 102IECh. 8 -
8.103 The compound chloral hydrate, known in...Ch. 8 - Barium azide is 62.04% Ba and 37.96% N. Each azide...Ch. 8 - Acetylene (C2H2) and nitrogen (N2) both contain a...Ch. 8 - Prob. 106IECh. 8 - Prob. 107IECh. 8 -
8.108 Formic acid has the chemical formula...Ch. 8 - Prob. 109IECh. 8 - Prob. 110IE
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Write Lewis structures for the following: (a) H2 (b) HBr (c) PCl3 (d) SF2 (e) H2CCH2 (f) HNNH (g) H2CNH (h) NO (i) N2 (j) CO (k) CNarrow_forwardDefine formal charge and explain how to calculate it. What is the purpose of the formal charge? Organic compounds are composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen but also may have oxygen, nitrogen, and/or halogens in the formula. Formal charge arguments work very well for organic compounds when drawing the best Lewis structure. How do C, H, N, O, and Cl satisfy the octet rule in organic compounds so as to have a formula charge of zero?arrow_forwardCyanamide (H2NCN), an important industrial chemical, is produced by the following steps: Calcium cyanamide (CaNCN) is used as a direct-application fertilizer, weed killer, and cotton defoliant. It is also used to make cyanamide, dicyandiamide, and melamine plastics: a. Write Lewis structures for NCN2, H2NCN, dicyandiarnide, and melamine, including resonance structures where appropriate. b. Give the hybridization of the C and N atoms in each species. c. How many bonds and how many bonds are in each species? d. Is the ring in melamine planar? e. There are three different CN bond distances in dicyandiamide, NCNC(NH2)2, and the molecule is nonlinear. Of all the resonance structures you drew for this molecule, predict which should be the most important.arrow_forward
- Predict die molecular structure and bond angles for each molecule or ion in Exercises 88 and 94. a. POCl3, SO42, XeO4, PO43, ClO4 b. NF3, SO32, PO33, ClO3 c.ClO2, SCl2, PCl2 d. Considering your answers to parts a, b, and c. what conclusions can you draw concerning the structures of species containing the same number of atoms and the same number of valence electrons? (O3), sulfur dioxide, and sulfur trioxide.arrow_forwardAn important observation supporting the concept of resonance in the localized electron model was that there are only three different structures of dichlorobenzene (C6H4C10). How does this fact support the concept of resonance (see Exercise 89)?arrow_forwardG. N. Lewis developed a model for chemical bonding that you have learned in this chapter. His theory was extremely successful and is used today at all levels of chemistry, from the introductory class to the research laboratory. Why was Lewis theory so successful?arrow_forward
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