Concept explainers
Concept introduction:
Debt to Equity Ratio:
Debt to equity ratio is calculated to determine the leverage position of the company. It compares the total liabilities of the company with it total shareholders’ equity. The debt to equity ratio is calculated by dividing the Total Liabilities by Total
Basic Earnings per share:
The Basic Earnings per share is the amount of net income earned by each common share outstanding. The Earnings per share calculated by with help of following formula:
To indicate:
The additional information for an investor.
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Cornerstones of Financial Accounting
- Hasting Corporation is interested in acquiring Vandell Corporation. Vandell has 1.5 million shares outstanding and a target capital structure consisting of 30% debt; its beta is 1.4 (given its target capital structure). Vandell has $10.19 million in debt that trades at par and pays an 8% interest rate. Vandell’s current free cash flow (FCF0) is $2 million per year and is expected to grow at a constant rate of 5% a year. Vandell pays a 25% combined federal-plus-state tax rate, the same rate paid by Hastings. The risk-free rate of interest is 5%, and the market risk premium is 6%. Hasting’s first step is to estimate the current intrinsic value of Vandell. What is Vandell’s cost of equity? What is its weighted average cost of capital? What is Vandell’s intrinsic value of operations? (Hint: Use the free cash flow corporate valuation model from Chapter 7.) Based on this analysis, what is the minimum stock price that Vandell’s shareholders should accept?arrow_forwardHasting Corporation is interested in acquiring Vandell Corporation. Vandell has 1 million shares outstanding and a target capital structure consisting of 30% debt; its beta is 1.4 (given its target capital structure). Vandell has $10.82 million in debt that trades at par and pays an 8% interest rate. Vandell’s free cash flow (FCFJ is $2 million per year and is expected to grow at a constant rate of 5% a year. Vandell pays a 40% combined federal and state tax rate. The risk-free rate of interest is 5%, and the market risk premium is 6%. Hasting’s First step is to estimate the current intrinsic value of Vandell. What are Vandell’s cost of equity and weighted average cost of capital? What is Vandell’s intrinsic value of operations? [Hint: Use the free cash flow corporate valuation model from Chapter 8.) What is the current intrinsic value of Vandell’s stock?arrow_forwardCapital Structure Analysis Pettit Printing Company has a total market value of 100 million, consisting of 1 million shares selling for 50 per share and 50 million of 10% perpetual bonds now selling at par. The companys EBIT is 13.24 million, and its tax rate is 15%. Pettit can change its capital structure by either increasing its debt to 70% (based on market values) or decreasing it to 30%. If it decides to increase its use of leverage, it must call its old bonds and issue new ones with a 12% coupon. If it decides to decrease its leverage, it will call its old bonds and replace them with new 8% coupon bonds. The company will sell or repurchase stock at the new equilibrium price to complete the capital structure change. The firm pays out all earnings as dividends; hence, its stock is a zero-growth stock. Its current cost of equity, rs, is 14%. If it increases leverage, rs will be 16%. If it decreases leverage, rs will be 13%. What is the firms WACC and total corporate value under each capital structure?arrow_forward
- Optimal Capital Structure with Hamada Beckman Engineering and Associates (BEA) is considering a change in its capital structure. BEA currently has $20 million in debt carrying a rate of 8%, and its stock price is $40 per share with 2 million shares outstanding. BEA is a zero-growth firm and pays out all of its earnings as dividends. The firm’s EBIT is $14,933 million, and it faces a 40% federal-plus-state tax rate. The market risk premium is 4%, and the risk-free rate is 6%. BEA is considering increasing its debt level to a capital structure with 40% debt, based on market values, and repurchasing shares with the extra money that it borrows. BEA will have to retire the old debt in order to issue new debt, and the rate on the new debt will be 9%. BEA has a beta of 1.0. What is BEA’s unlevered beta? Use market value D/S (which is the same as wd/ws when unlevering. What are BEA’s new beta and cost of equity if it has 40% debt? What are BEA’s WACC and total value of the firm with 40% debt?arrow_forwardCOST OF CAPITAL Coleman Technologies is considering a major expansion program that has been proposed by the companys information technology group. Before proceeding with the expansion, the company must estimate its cost of capital. Suppose you are an assistant to Jerry Lehman, the financial vice president. Your first task is to estimate Colemans cost of capital Lehman has provided you with the following data, which he believes may be relevant to your task. The firms tax rate is 25%. The current price of Colemans 12% coupon, semiannual payment, noncallable bonds with 15 years remaining to maturity, is 1.153.72. Coleman does not use short-term, interest-bearing debt on a permanent basis. New bonds would be privately placed with no flotation cost. The current price of the firms 10%, 100.00 par value, quarterly dividend, perpetual preferred stock is 111.10. Colemans common stock is currently selling for 50.00 per share. Its last dividend (D0) was 4.19, and dividends are expected to grow at a constant annual rate of 5% in the foreseeable future. Colemans beta is 1.2, the yield on T-bonds is 7%, and the market risk premium is estimated to be 6%. For the bond-yield-plus-risk-premium approach, the firm uses a risk premium of 4%. Colemans target capital structure is 30% debt, 10% preferred stock, and 60% common equity. To structure the task somewhat, Lehman has asked you to answer the following questions: a. 1. What sources of capital should be included when you estimate Colemans WACC? 2. Should the component costs be figured on a before-tax or an a after-tax basis? 3. Should the costs be historical (embedded) costs or new (marginal) costs? b. What is the market interest rate on Colemans debt and its component cost of debt? c. 1. What is the firms cost of preferred stock? 2. Colemans preferred stock is riskier to investors than its debt, yet the preferreds yield to investors is lower than the yield to maturity on the debt Does this suggest that you have made a mistake? (Hint: Think about taxes) d. 1. Why is there a cost associated with retained earnings? 2. What is Colemans estimated cost of common equity using the CAPM approach? e. What is the estimated cost of common equity using the DCF approach? f. What is the bond-yield-plus-risk-premium estimate for Colemans cost of common equity? g. What is your final estimate for rs? h. Explain in words why new common stock has a higher cost than retained earnings. i. 1. What are two approaches that can be used to adjust for flotation costs? 2. Coleman estimates that if it issues new common stock, the flotation cost will be 15%. Coleman incorporates the flotation costs into the DCF approach. What is the estimated cost of newly issued common stock, considering the flotation cost? j. What is Colemans overall, or weighted average, cost of capital (WACC)? Ignore flotation costs. k. What factors influence Colemans composite WACC? l. Should the company use the composite WACC as the hurdle rate for each of its projects? Explain.arrow_forwardBegin with the partial model in the file Ch02 P21 Build a Model.xlsx on the textbooks Web site. a. Using the financial statements shown here for Lan Chen Technologies, calculate net operating working capital, total net operating capital, net operating profit after taxes, free cash flow, and return on invested capital for 2020. The federal-plus-state tax rate is 25%. b. Assume there were 15 million shares outstanding at the end of 2019, the year-end closing stock price was 65 per share, and the after-tax cost of capital was 10%. Calculate EVA and MVA for 2020. Lan Chen Technologies: Income Statements for Year Ending December 31 (Millions of Dollars) Lan Chen Technologies: December 31 Balance Sheets (Thousands of Dollars)arrow_forward
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