INTEGR. PRIN. OF ZOOLOGY >LL< W/ CONNEC
18th Edition
ISBN: 9781264178193
Author: HICKMAN
Publisher: MCG
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Question
Chapter 9, Problem 1RQ
Summary Introduction
To name: The five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade.
Introduction: The five main grades of organization have been recognized among the unicellular and animal groups. Each grade of organization is found to be more complex than the preceding grade.
Expert Solution & Answer
Explanation of Solution
The five main grades of organization and the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade:
- Protoplasmic grade of organization: This grade characterizes unicellular organisms. It includes the life confined within a single cell. The protoplasm undergoes differentiation and forms organelles within the cell. Each organelle has specific functions.
- Cellular grade of organization: It includes functionally differentiated cell aggregates. The cells are combined into larger units and thereby greater structural complexity was evolved in multicellular organisms. This level of complexity is observed in Volvox.
- Cell–tissue grade of organization: Similar cells are aggregated into definite patterns that have a common function of tissue formation. The nerve net in cnidarians is the best example of a tissue.
- Tissue–organ grade of organization: The tissues are aggregated to form an organ, which is more complex. Usually, more than one tissue type makes up the organ, which has more specific roles than tissues.
Flatworms have this type of organization. - Organ–system grade of organization: It involves combined working of organs to perform certain functions and thereby produces an organ system, which is the highest level of organization. The organ systems have basic body functions such as respiration, digestion, and circulation. This type of organization is seen in most of the animal phyla.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Name the five grades of organization in organismal complexity and explain how each successive grade is more complex than the one preceding it.
Define the five main grades of organization in organismal complexity and to explain the complexity of each successive grade over the preceding grade.
Describe briefly the levels of structural organization.
Cellular level
Chemical Level
Tissue Level
Organismal Level
System Level
Organ Level
Chapter 9 Solutions
INTEGR. PRIN. OF ZOOLOGY >LL< W/ CONNEC
Ch. 9 - Prob. 1RQCh. 9 - Can you suggest why, during the evolutionary...Ch. 9 - Prob. 3RQCh. 9 - Body fluids of eumetazoan animals are separated...Ch. 9 - What are the four major types of tissues in...Ch. 9 - How would you distinguish simple and stratified...Ch. 9 - What three elements occur in all connective...Ch. 9 - What are three muscle tissue types found among...Ch. 9 - Describe the principal structural and functional...Ch. 9 - Match the animal group with its body plan:
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- When considering the levels of organization of the human body, which of the following choices represents a higher level of organizational complexity than organs?arrow_forwardWhich is the smallest of all levels of biological organization?arrow_forwarddescribe the levels of biological organization?arrow_forward
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