Concept explainers
To explain:
How cells respond to the external signals even when those signals cannot enter the cell.
Concept Introduction:
The external signaling response in the cell includes the environmental stress response signal and the binding of growth factor proteins on the receptor of the cell. The receptor protein complex consists of the alpha and beta subunits which combine together.
The receptor molecules dimerize and combine the different subunits to activate it on the membrane of the cell. This causes the activation of the phosphorylation cascade in the membrane. The protein kinase enzymes activate the cell signaling proteins in the form of a network. This causes the stimulus to enter the nucleus of the cell.
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