Concept explainers
Body, Heal Thyself
Ligaments and tendons have a limited capacity for self-repair. They tend to have a meager blood supply and contain only a small number of specialized cells that produce proteins, such as collagen and elastic, that provide flexibility and strength. In Bartolo Colón’s case, the hope was that the stem cells injected into his shoulder and elbow would progress rapidly through the cell cycle, producing large populations of specialized daughter cells that would regenerate his ligaments and tendons. How would mitotic cell division ensure that the daughter cells contained accurate copies of all of Colón’s chromosomes, including the genes that specify all of the proteins needed to repair his arm?
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 9 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology (11th Edition)
- By what molecular pathway does loss of cell cycle regulation in an organism lead to cancer? What genetic changes can cooperate to accomplish the cancer cell’s escape from the normal balance of cell growth?arrow_forwardHuman cells divide every day for normal growth, replacement of cells, and tissue repair. The dividing cells proceed through the three phases of the cell cycle as shown in the figure. When a person experiences a cut, damaged skin cells secrete a protein called epidermal growth factor (EGF). Epidermal (skin) cells in the vicinity of the injury possess proteins in their cell membranes called epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) Cancer can result from disruptions in cell cycle control. Mutations that increase the production of EGFR have been associated with skin cancer of the head and neck. Describe how a mutation outside of the coding region of a gene that encodes EGFR could lead to the overproduction of EGFR protein in a skin cell.arrow_forward"Agent V" is the name of an anticancer (chemotherapy) drug. This drug works against cancer cells by inhibiting the formation of microtubules in sensitive cells. Consider a cell that is sensitive to agent V (in other words, agent V is effective at stopping growth of this cell). Based on this information, agent V would cause the cell to be frozen at which of the major cell cycle checkpoints (G1, G2 or M checkpoint)? Explainarrow_forward
- One important biological effect of a large dose of ionizing radiation (like X-rays) is to halt cell division. How does this occur? To answer this question, state the name and role of 2 specific and important proteins involved in the process. What happens if a cell has a mutation that prevents it from halting cell division after be irradiated? Be specific and detailed. An adult human who has reached maturity will die within a few days of receiving a radiation dose large enough to stop cell division. What does that tell you about cell division? In addition, name 2 different/unique cell types that would be primarily affected.arrow_forwardThe cell cycle is highly regulated and involves many steps to ensure that a cell is ready to divide. For this reason, cells cycle between interphase and mitosis. Which of the following describes the consequence of a severe disruption of interphase in cells in healthy tissue? Disruption of interphase will have no effect on mitosis because they are two completely independent processes. Disruption of interphase will lead to a faster and more efficient mitotic cycle, which will result in increased cell division and tissue growth. Disruption of interphase will trigger the cell to switch to a mitotic phase and repeatedly divide, which will result in the massive proliferation of the cells and heightened tissue growth. Disruption of interphase will result in the cell being unable to synthesize proteins and organelles required to divide, which will result in the cell not passing key checkpoints and ceasing to divide.arrow_forwardWhy cell injury due to genetic causes are alarmingly increasing each year. Explain at your own wordsarrow_forward
- In your own words, explain how cancer cells differ from normal cells in regard to the following: Molecular controls of the cell cycle (include Cdk and Cdk/cyclin complexes, p53 gene/protein, Rb gene/protein in response)arrow_forwardThe Cell Cycle: During what stage of the cell cycle is the nuclear material doubled? Are the stages of mitosis occurring simultaneously on a meristem? In what material is the coded information of the cell stored?arrow_forwardHow does p53 induce apoptosis? How does the cell determine what "too much" damage is? Meaning, how can it tell if the damage to the DNA is too severe to fix in order for the cell to move on to S phase? Thank you.arrow_forward
- Quick help!!! Answer the following questions Only in cell biology 1. A. Discuss the roles of two main types of genes that are critical in cancer? B. What is the difference between a totipotent and a pluripotent stem cell? Give an example to each.arrow_forwardCytoskeletal elements play important roles in cell division. The mitotic spindle apparatus is made up of _____________ _____________ and pulls sister chromatids apart, whereas the contractile ring is made up of ______________ _____________ required for the separation of daughter cells at the end of the mitotic phase of the cell cyclearrow_forwardFigure 28.11 depicts the eukaryotic cell cycle. Many cell types “exit� the cell cycle and don’t divide for prolonged periods, a state termedG0; some, for example neurons, never divide again. a. In what stage of the cell cycle do you suppose a cell might be when it exits the cell cycle and enters G0? b. The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints, cyclins, and CDKs. Describe how biochemical events involving cyclins and CDKs might control passage of a dividing cell through the cell cycle.arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (Mi...BiologyISBN:9781305117396Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa StarrPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Biology 2eBiologyISBN:9781947172517Author:Matthew Douglas, Jung Choi, Mary Ann ClarkPublisher:OpenStax