The power of placebo. A study of pain relief following arthroscopic knee surgery used two control groups to compare to a surgery group. One of the control groups had their knees opened and “lavaged,” where the inside of the knee is flushed out, but no scraping or other surgical manipulation is performed. The other control group had their knees opened and then closed again, with no treatment at all. The graphs below display the average pain levels reported for the three groups. Which, if any, treatment appears to be effective?
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