Concept explainers
A cell communicates with another cell through chemical signals. Cell to cell communication is necessary for both the multicellular as well as unicellular organisms. The signaling molecules activate cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors by binding to it.
Explanation of Solution
A major difference between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor kinases is the type of response. The GPCRs lead to a short-term response, for example, opening the ion channels or activation of the enzymes, whereas, the receptor kinases lead to long-term responses, for example, changes in gene expression.
In both the GPCR and receptor kinase pathway, the first step is the inactivation of receptors. Two ligands bind to the receptor by means of dimerization in the receptor kinase pathway. The GPCR pathway is activated when the ligand binds with GCPRs and GTP binds with the G-protein. Two different kinds of molecules are involved in this pathway, whereas two ligands are involved in receptor kinase pathway. Then, auto-phosphorylation takes place, followed by the activation of proteins (relay) resulting in multiple cellular responses in the receptor kinase pathway. The ligand molecules falls-off and the enzymes get activated followed by the initiation of single cellular response in the GPCR pathway.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 9 Solutions
BIOLOGY:HOW...ACCESS-W/FLYER (48 MO.)
- What would be the effect of inhibiting the kinase?arrow_forwardWould nitrosylation of cysteine or ubiquitination of lysine disrupt binding the most in a G protein coupled receptor?arrow_forwardWhat is signal transduction? Illustrate and describe the molecular events in signal transduction pathways involving 1) G-protein-coupled receptors and 2) enzyme linked receptors.arrow_forward
- What is the role of lipidated proteins in G-protein-coupled receptors during signal transduction?arrow_forwardWhat is the mechanism by which R subunits inhibit the C subunits in protein kinase A?arrow_forwardWhat do the cytoplasmic domain of a G protein-coupled receptor and the adaptor protein in the RTK pathway have in common?arrow_forward
- Describe the 3 main steps for activation of receptor tyrosine kinases.arrow_forwardYou are designing neurotransmitters and hormones that activate G protein-coupled receptors. Based on the characteristics of these family of receptors, Which should have a higher affinity for their receptors? Which should act more rapidly?arrow_forwardUnder what conditions might receptor up-regulation occur? receptor down-regulation?arrow_forward
- What are G-protein-coupled receptors? Explain their function in regard to how particular regulatorymolecules influence different effector proteins in the membrane.arrow_forwardWhat is PNS in the nervous system and how does it contribute to coordination in neural signaling?arrow_forwardWhat is protein kinase C?arrow_forward
- Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning