Derivatives: Derivatives are some financial instruments which are meant for managing risk and safeguard the risk created by other financial instruments. These financial instruments derive the values from the future value of underlying security or index. Some examples of derivatives are forward contracts, interest rate swaps, futures, and options.
Interest rate swap: This is a type of derivative used by two parties under a contract to exchange the consequences (net cash difference between interest payments) of fixed interest rate for floating interest rate, or vice versa, without exchanging the principal or notional amounts.
Debit and credit rules:
- Debit an increase in asset account, increase in expense account, decrease in liability account, and decrease in
stockholders’ equity accounts. - Credit decrease in asset account, increase in revenue account, increase in liability account, and increase in stockholders’ equity accounts.
To journalize: The entries of issue of note, interest payments, and
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INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING(LL)-W/2 ACCESS
- On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $122,000 from First Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at inception. The agreement called for the company to receive fixed interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR + 3%. The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning- of-period rates. The SOFR rates on the swap reset dates…arrow_forwardOn January 1, 2021, LLB Industries borrowed $360,000 from Trust Bank by issuing a two-year, 10% note, with interest payable quarterly. LLB entered into a two-year interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2021, and designated the swap as a fair value hedge. Its intent was to hedge the risk that general interest rates will decline, causing the fair value of its debt to increase. The agreement called for the company to receive payment based on a 10% fixed interest rate on a notional amount of $360,000 and to pay interest based on a floating interest rate. The contract called for cash settlement of the net interest amount quarterly. Floating (LIBOR) settlement rates were 10% at January 1, 8% at March 31, and 6% June 30, 2021. The fair values of the swap are quotes obtained from a derivatives dealer. Those quotes and the fair values of the note are as indicated below. January 1…arrow_forwardRequired Information On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $102,000 from First Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. • Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at inception. • The agreement called for the company to receive fixed interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR + 3%. • The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning-of-period rates. The SOFR rates…arrow_forward
- Required information On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $130,000 from First Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at inception. The agreement called for the company to receive fixed interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR + 3%. The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning-of-period rates. The SOFR rates on the…arrow_forwardOn January 1, 2021, LLB Industries borrowed $280,000 from Trust Bank by issuing a two-year, 10% note, with interest payable quarterly • LLB entered into a two-year interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designated the swap as a fair value hedge. Its intent was to hedge the risk that general interest rates will decline, causing the fair value of its debt to increase • The agreement called for the company to receive payment based on a 10% fixed interest rate on a notional amount of $280,000 and to pay interest based on a floating interest rate. The contract called for cash settlement of the net interest amount quarterly and rates reset at the beginning of each period. • Floating (SOFR) settlement rates were 10 % at January 1, 8% at March 31, and 6% at June 30 and September 30, 2024. The fair values of the swap are quotes obtained from a derivatives dealer. Assume that LLB does not elect to use the shortcut method. The swap is deemed highly effective, but it is not assumed…arrow_forwardOn January 1, 2021, LLB Industries borrowed $370,000 from Trust Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% note, with interest payable quarterly. LLB entered into a two-year interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2021, and designated the swap as a fair value hedge. Its intent was to hedge the risk that general interest rates will decline, causing the fair value of its debt to increase. The agreement called for the company to receive payment based on a 8% fixed interest rate on a notional amount of $370,000 and to pay interest based on a floating interest rate. The contract called for cash settlement of the net interest amount quarterly. Floating (LIBOR) settlement rates were 8% at January 1, 6% at March 31, and 4% June 30, 2021. The fair values of the swap are quotes obtained from a derivatives dealer. Those quotes and the fair values of the note are as indicated below. Fair value of interest rate swap Fair value of note payable Required: 1. Calculate the net cash settlement at March 31 and…arrow_forward
- Required information On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $100,000 from First Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. • Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at inception. • The agreement called for the company to receive fixed interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR + 3%. • The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning- of-period rates. The SOFR rates…arrow_forwardRequired information On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $120,000 from First Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. • Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at inception. • The agreement called for the company to receive fixed interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR + 3%. • The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning-of-period rates. The SOFR rates…arrow_forwardRequired information On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $100,000 from First Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. • Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at inception. • The agreement called for the company to receive fixed interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR + 3%. • The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning- of-period rates. The SOFR rates…arrow_forward
- ! Required Information On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $104,000 from First Bank by Issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual Interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. • Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general Interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based Interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at Inception. ⚫ The agreement called for the company to receive fixed Interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating Interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR+3%. • The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning-of-period rates. The SOFR rates…arrow_forward! Required information On January 1, 2024, Avalanche Corporation borrowed $102, 000 from First Bank by issuing a two-year, 8% fixed-rate note with annual interest payments. The principal of the note is due on December 31, 2025. Avalanche wanted to hedge against declines in general interest rates, so it also entered into a two-year SOFR-based interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2024, and designates it as a fair value hedge. Because the swap is entered at market rates, the fair value of the swap is zero at inception. The agreement called for the company to receive fixed interest at the current SOFR swap rate of 5% and pay floating interest tied to SOFR. This arrangement results in an effective variable rate on the note of SOFR +3%. The contract specifies that the floating rate resets each year on June 30 and December 31 for the net settlement that is due the following period. In other words, the net cash settlement is calculated using beginning of period rates. The SOFR rates on…arrow_forwardOn January 1, 2021, JPS Industries borowed $220,000 from Austin Bank by issuing a three-year, floating rate note based on LIBOR, with interest payable semi-annually on June 30 and December of each year. JPS entered into a three-year interest rate swap agreement on January 1, 2021, and designaled the swap as a cash flow hedge. The intent was to hedge the risk that interest rates will rise, increasing its semi-annual interest payments. The swap agreement called for the company to receive payment based on a floating Interest rate on a notional amount of $220,000 and to pay a 4.0% fixed Interest rate. The contract called for cash settlement of the net interest amount semi-annually, and the rate on each reset date (June 30 and December 31) determines the variable interest rate for the following six months. LIBOR rates in 2021 were 4.0% at January 1, 3.0% at June 30, and 5.5% at December 31. The fair values of the swap on those dates, obtalned by dealer quotes, were as follows: January 1…arrow_forward