Table of Contents Contents Preface iii CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Structural Steel Design 1 1.1 Advantages of Steel as a Structural Material 1 1.2 Disadvantages of Steel as a Structural Material 3 1.3 Early Uses of Iron and Steel 4 1.4 Steel Sections 7 1.5 Metric Units 12 1.6 Cold-Formed Light-Gage Steel Shapes 12 1.7 Stress—Strain Relationships in Structural Steel 13 1.8 Modern Structural Steels 19 1.9 Uses of High-Strength Steels 22 1.10 Measurement of Toughness 24 1.11 Jumbo Sections 26 1.12 Lamellar Tearing 26 1.13 Furnishing of Structural Steel 27 1.14 The Work of the Structural Designer 30 1.15 Responsibilities of the Structural Designer 31 1.16 Economical Design of Steel Members 31 1.17 Failure of Structures 34 1.18 Handling and Shipping Structural Steel 37 1.19 Calculation Accuracy 37 1.20 Computers and Structural Steel Design 37 1.21 Problems for Solution 38 CHAPTER 2 Specifications, Loads, and Methods of Design 39 2.1 Specifications and Building Codes 39 2.2 Loads 41 2.3 Dead Loads 41 2.4 Live Loads 42 2.5 Environmental Loads 45 2.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) and Allowable Strength Design (ASD) 51 2.7 Nominal Strengths 52 2.8 Shading 52 2.9 Computation of Loads for LRFD and ASD 52 2.10 Computing Combined Loads with LRFD Expressions 53 2.11 Computing Combined Loads with ASD Expressions 57 2.12 Two Methods of Obtaining an Acceptable Level of Safety 58 2.13 Discussion of Sizes of Load Factors and Safety Factors 59 2.14 Author’s Comment 60 2.15 Problems for Solution 60 CHAPTER 3 Analysis of Tension Members 62 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 Nominal Strengths of Tension Members 65 3.3 Net Areas 67 3.4 Effect of Staggered Holes 69 3.5 Effective Net Areas 74 3.6 Connecting Elements for Tension Members 84 3.7 Block Shear 85 3.8 Problems for Solution 94 CHAPTER 4 Design of Tension Members 103 4.1 Selection of Sections 103 4.2 Built-Up Tension Members 111 4.3 Rods and Bars 115 4.4 Pin-Connected Members 120 4.5 Design for Fatigue Loads 122 4.6 Problems for Solution 125 CHAPTER 5 Introduction to Axially Loaded Compression Members 129 5.1 General 129 5.2 Residual Stresses 132 5.3 Sections Used for Columns 133 5.4 Development of Column Formulas 137 5.5 The Euler Formula 139 5.6 End Restraint and Effective Lengths of Columns 141 5.7 Stiffened and Unstiffened Elements 144 5.8 Long, Short, and Intermediate Columns 145 5.9 Column Formulas 148 5.10 Maximum Slenderness Ratios 150 CHAPTER 6 Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members 163 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 AISC Design Tables 166 6.3 Column Splices 171 6.4 Built-Up Columns 174 6.5 Built-Up Columns with Components in Contact with Each Other 175 6.6 Connection Requirements for Built-Up Columns Whose Components Are in Contact with Each Other 176 6.7 Built-Up Columns with Components not in Contact with Each Other 182 6.8 Single-Angle Compression Members 187 6.9 Sections Containing Slender Elements 189 6.10 Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Compression Members 191 6.11 Problems for Solution 196 CHAPTER 7 Design of Axially Loaded Compression Members (Continued) and Column Base Plates 200 7.1 Introduction 200 7.2 Further Discussion of Effective Lengths 201 7.3 Frames Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions 205 7.4 Frames Not Meeting Alignment Chart Assumptions as to Joint Rotations 208 7.5 Stiffness-Reduction Factors 211 7.6 Columns Leaning on Each Other for In-Plane Design 215 7.7 Base Plates for Concentrically Loaded Columns 218 7.8 Problems for Solution 232 CHAPTER 8 Introduction to Beams 237 8.1 Types of Beams 237 8.2 Sections Used as Beams 237 8.3 Bending Stresses 238 8.4 Plastic Hinges 239 8.5 Elastic Design 240 8.6 The Plastic Modulus 240 8.7 Theory of Plastic Analysis 243 8.8 The Collapse Mechanism 244 8.9 The Virtual-Work Method 245 5.11 Example Problems 150 5.12 Problems for Solution 158 8.10 Location of Plastic Hinge for Uniform Loadings 249 8.11 Continuous Beams 250 8.12 Building Frames 252 8.13 Problems for Solution 254 CHAPTER 9 Design of Beams for Moments 263 9.1 Introduction 263 9.2 Yielding Behavior–Full Plastic Moment, Zone 1 266 9.3 Design of Beams, Zone 1 267 9.4 Lateral Support of Beams 275 9.5 Introduction to Inelastic Buckling, Zone 2 277 9.6 Moment Capacities, Zone 2 281 9.7 Elastic Buckling, Zone 3 283 9.8 Design Charts 285 9.9 Noncompact Sections 290 9.10 Problems for Solution 295 CHAPTER 10 Design of Beams–Miscellaneous Topics (Shear, Deflection, etc.) 302 10.1 Design of Continuous Beams 302 10.2 Shear 304 10.3 Deflections 310 10.4 Webs and Flanges with Concentrated Loads 316 10.5 Unsymmetrical Bending 324 10.6 Design of Purlins 327 10.7 The Shear Center 330 10.8 Beam-Bearing Plates 335 10.9 Lateral Bracing at Member Ends Supported on Base Plates 339 10.10 Problems for Solution 340 CHAPTER 11 Bending and Axial Force 346 11.1 Occurrence 346 11.2 Members Subject to Bending and Axial Tension 347 11.3 First-Order and Second-Order Moments for Members Subject to Axial Compression and Bending 350 11.4 Direct Analysis Method (DAM) 352 11.5 Effective Length Method (ELM) 353 11.6 Approximate Second-Order Analysis 354 11.7 Beam—Columns in Braced Frames 359 11.8 Beam—Columns in Unbraced Frames 371 11.9 Design of Beam—Columns–Braced or Unbraced 378 11.10 Problems for Solution 386 CHAPTER 12 Bolted Connections 390 12.1 Introduction 390 12.2 Types of Bolts 390 12.3 History of High-Strength Bolts 391 12.4 Advantages of High-Strength Bolts 392 12.5 Snug-Tight, Pretensioned, and Slip-Critical Bolts 392 12.6 Methods for Fully Pretensioning High-Strength Bolts 396 12.7 Slip-Resistant Connections and Bearing-Type Connections 398 12.8 Mixed Joints 399 12.9 Sizes of Bolt Holes 400 12.10 Load Transfer and Types of Joints 401 12.11 Failure of Bolted Joints 404 12.12 Spacing and Edge Distances of Bolts 405 12.13 Bearing-Type Connections–Loads Passing Through Center of Gravity of Connections 408 12.14 Slip-Critical Connections–Loads Passing Through Center of Gravity of Connections 419 12.15 Problems for Solution 423 CHAPTER 13 Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Connections and Historical Notes on Rivets 430 13.1 Bolts Subjected to Eccentric Shear 430 13.2 Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension (Bearing-Type Connections) 444 13.3 Bolts Subjected to Shear and Tension (Slip-Critical Connections) 447 13.4 Tension Loads on Bolted Joints 448 13.5 Prying Action 451 13.6 Historical Notes on Rivets 454 13.7 Types of Rivets 455 13.8 Strength of Riveted Connections–Rivets in Shear and Bearing 457 13.9 Problems for Solution 461 CHAPTER 14 Welded Connections 469 14.1 General 469 14.2 Advantages of Welding 470 14.3 American Welding Society 471 14.4 Types of Welding 471 14.5 Prequalified Welding 475 14.6 Welding Inspection 475 14.7 Classification of Welds 478 14.8 Welding Symbols 480 14.9 Groove Welds 482 14.10 Fillet Welds 484 14.11 Strength of Welds 485 14.12 AISC Requirements 486 14.13 Design of Simple Fillet Welds 491 14.14 Design of Connections for Members with Both Longitudinal and Transverse Fillet Welds 497 14.15 Some Miscellaneous Comments 498 14.16 Design of Fillet Welds for Truss Members 499 14.17 Plug and Slot Welds 503 14.18 Shear and Torsion 506 14.19 Shear and Bending 513 14.20 Full-Penetration and Partial-Penetration Groove Welds 515 14.21 Problems for Solution 519 CHAPTER 15 Building Connections 528 15.1 Selection of Type of Fastener 528 15.2 Types of Beam Connections 529 15.3 Standard Bolted Beam Connections 536 15.4 AISC Manual Standard Connection Tables 539 15.5 Designs of Standard Bolted Framed Connections 539 15.6 Designs of Standard Welded Framed Connections 542 15.7 Single-Plate, or Shear Tab, Framing Connections 544 15.8 End-Plate Shear Connections 547 15.9 Designs of Welded Seated Beam Connections 548 15.10 Designs of Stiffened Seated Beam Connections 550 15.11 Designs of Moment-Resisting FR Moment Connections 551 15.12 Column Web Stiffeners 555 15.13 Problems for Solution 558 CHAPTER 16 Composite Beams 562 16.1 Composite Construction 562 16.2 Advantages of Composite Construction 563 16.3 Discussion of Shoring 565 16.4 Effective Flange Widths 566 16.5 Shear Transfer 567 16.6 Partially Composite Beams 570 16.7 Strength of Shear Connectors 570 16.8 Number, Spacing, and Cover Requirements for Shear Connectors 571 16.9 Moment Capacity of Composite Sections 573 16.10 Deflections 578 16.11 Design of Composite Sections 579 16.12 Continuous Composite Sections 588 16.13 Design of Concrete-Encased Sections 589 16.14 Problems for Solution 592 CHAPTER 17 Composite Columns 596 17.1 Introduction 596 17.2 Advantages of Composite Columns 597 17.3 Disadvantages of Composite Columns 599 17.4 Lateral Bracing 599 17.5 Specifications for Composite Columns 600 17.6 Axial Design Strengths of Composite Columns 602 17.7 Shear Strength of Composite Columns 607 17.8 LRFD and ASD Tables 608 17.9 Load Transfer at Footings and Other Connections 609 17.10 Tensile Strength of Composite Columns 610 17.11 Axial Load and Bending 610 17.12 Problems for Solution 610 CHAPTER 18 Cover-Plated Beams and Built-up Girders 613 18.1 Cover-Plated Beams 613 18.2 Built-up Girders 616 18.3 Built-up Girder Proportions 618 18.4 Flexural Strength 624 18.5 Tension Field Action 629 18.6 Design of Stiffeners 634 18.7 Problems for Solution 640 CHAPTER 19 Design of Steel Buildings 642 19.1 Introduction to Low-Rise Buildings 642 19.2 Types of Steel Frames Used for Buildings 642 19.3 Common Types of Floor Construction 646 19.4 Concrete Slabs on Open-Web Steel Joists 647 19.5 One-Way and Two-Way Reinforced-Concrete Slabs 650 19.6 Composite Floors 651 19.7 Concrete-Pan Floors 652 19.8 Steel Floor Deck 653 19.9 Flat Slab Floors 655 19.10 Precast Concrete Floors 656 19.11 Types of Roof Construction 658 19.12 Exterior Walls and Interior Partitions 659 19.13 Fireproofing of Structural Steel 659 19.14 Introduction to High-Rise Buildings 660 19.15 Discussion of Lateral Forces 662 19.16 Types of Lateral Bracing 663 19.17 Analysis of Buildings with Diagonal Wind Bracing for Lateral Forces 669 19.18 Moment-Resisting Joints 671 19.19 Design of Buildings for Gravity Loads 672 19.20 Selection of Members 676 APPENDIX A Derivation of the Euler Formula 677 APPENDIX B Slender Compression Elements 679 APPENDIX C Flexural-Torsional Buckling of Compression Members 682 APPENDIX D Moment-Resisting Column Base Plates 688 APPENDIX E Ponding 697 GLOSSARY 702 INDEX 708