Avogadro constant

In the following experiment, fluorescence methods and techniques will be used to determine the detection limit and the concentration of quinine in tonic water. As shown in the graph of the quinine standard samples, the concentration was on average was 350 ppm. This concentration is incorrect, since it did not factor in the max emission and the emission at smaller concentrations. Despite the error in the calibration data, the pH data was able to be observed and assesse the relationship of pH to emission

Abstract Spectrophotometry is the process by which the light energy absorbed by colored compounds, is determined and used for quantitative and qualitative analyses. We use this process to often produce a standard curve, and use that to compare absorbance with different factors. In Experiment 3.1-3.4, spectrophotometry is used to produce the absorbance spectrums for the basic and acidic forms of PNP, to determine the pKa of PNP, and to develop standard curves for determination of unknown concentration

Title: Potentiometric Titration Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to construct a titration curve by titrating Formic acid using a standardized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and a pH meter through potentiometric titration. After the data for the rest of the class is collected, compare and contrast the equivalence points to see how the concentrations of the various acids affected the acids weakness and strength. Methods: Obtain 0.020 M of Formic Acid (HCCOOH). Calibrate the pH meter using

From the pH at the equivalence point, the dissociation constant of the acidic or basic group can be determined (see chemical equilibrium). If a compound contains several different acidic or basic groups, the titration curve will show several sigmoid-shaped curves like steps and the dissociation constant of each group can be obtained from the pH at its corresponding equivalence point. I have now explained the basis

Objective: The objective of this experiment is to use acid-base extraction techniques to separate a mixture of organic compounds based on acidity and/or basicity. After the three compounds are separated we will recover them into their salt forms and then purify them by recrystallization and identify them by their melting points. Procedure: Extraction of Carboxylic Acid A pre-weighed (0.315g) mixture of Carboxylic acid, a phenol, and neutral substance was placed into a reaction tube (tube 1)

Abstract Buffer solutions were prepared and their pH measured to determine their buffering capacity. Three buffer solutions were utilized; an undiluted buffer, a diluted buffer solution with 10ml water and a diluted buffer solution with 18ml water. In the undiluted buffer solution there was minimal pH change with a high of 6.78 and a low of 6.47. In the buffer solution in which 10ml of water was added there was minimal pH change with a high of 6.78 and a low of 6.23. In the buffer solution in which

29 EXPERIMENT 3. ACID-BASE TITRATIONS: DETERMINATION OF CARBONATE BY TITRATION WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID BACKGROUND Carbonate Equilibria In this experiment a solution of hydrochloric acid is prepared, standardized against pure sodium carbonate, and used to determine the percentage of carbonate in a sample. An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is almost completely dissociated into hydrated protons and chloride ions. Therefore, in a titration with hydrochloric acid the active titrant species is

Discussion and Scientific Explanation The initial goal of this experiment was to investigate the properties of an unknown acid or base. These properties include pH, concentration, and how the solution behaves once titrated. In order to accomplish these goals, the initial pH of the unknown compound needed to be found through the use of pH strips and/or a PASCO probe. It was also necessary to titrate the unknown compound to find the equivalence point, which would allow the calculation of the initial

Summary: The paper titled “The value of face-to-face: Search and contracting problems in Nigerian trade” provides micro-empirical evidence of significant trade costs or costs of transactions over a distance within country associated with imperfect contract enforcement and inability to observe the frontier verities of products available in the source country or destination. Conventional gravity models of trade attempts to capture the costs associated with information friction by introducing proxies

Introduction Chemistry is being applied everywhere and every day. In some cases chemistry can pertain to acids and bases. These components are very useful when it comes to trying to figure out reac-tion stoichiometry, ionization constants, RICE tables, making buffer solutions, and stabilizing pH solutions. Acid equations include HA as the acid and H2O as the base. One example of an acid reacting with a base can be seen in Equation 1. Equation 1. HA(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + A-(aq) The Bronsted-Lowry