Oocyte

into existence. This potential infertility treatment involves the creation of embryo using the genetic material of the parent. This is done by extracting nucleus from the person’s somatic cell and transfer into an oocyte through somatic cell nuclear transfer. Thus, the processed oocyte

studies shed light for further investigation. The current reports of circRNAs in the reproduction system are summarized in the Table 1. The expression of circRNAs in oocyte and pre-implantation embryo development Some investigations have indicated that numerous genes, including non-coding genes, are engaged in the regulation of oocyte and embryo development [72, 73]. The expression pattern of some genes can be used as potential biomarkers. Since circRNAs are extensively involved in the

uterine tubes have little or no actual contact with the ovaries. An ovulated oocyte is cast into the peritoneal cavity, and many oocytes are lost there. However, the uterine tube performs complex movements to capture oocytes–it bends to drape over the ovary while the fimbriae stiffen and sweep the ovarian surface. The beating cilia on the fimbriae then create currents in the peritoneal fluid that tend to carry an oocyte into the uterine tube, where it begins its journey toward the uterus. The

into Xenopus oocytes without or with additional injection of cRNA encoding mTOR. In Xenopus oocytes expressing Kv1.3, but not in waterinjected

However, this method is more expensive than in vivo-produced embryos in North America and therefore not used often (14). In 2011, the use of in vitro embryos increased 20% in Brazil (14). With 53,019 ovum pickups performed, there was an average of 15 oocytes collected, resulting in an average of 6 embryos (14). Overall, there were 318,116 embryos, which accounted for 86% of all in vitro-produced embryos in the world (14). Generally, most embryos are in vivo-produced from either artificial insemination

which is the in vitro process start with in vitro maturation that means the significant numbers of immature oocytes can be collected from ovaries and mature them in the laboratory without recourse to ovarian stimulation. Besides that, the selected oocytes are then incubated for a period of 24 hours, this is called the maturation period. This involves artificial removal of cumulus-oocytes complexes (COCs) from antral follicles and culturing them in essentially standard cell culture condition until

In the oocyte and early embryo, mitochondria possess a round morphology with only a few cristae that are parallel to the outer mitochondrial membrane and an electron dense mitochondrial matrix. These immature mitochondria are usually around 1 µm in diameter during the early cleavage stages (Motta et al., 2000). This is different from mitochondria found in somatic cells as somatic cell mitochondria have an elongated morphology that contain numerous transverse cristae (Xu et al., 2013). Somatic

INTRODUCTION 1.0 BACKGROUND The world has witnessed a marked increase in patients presenting to infertility clinics in the past three decades.1 Nigeria lies within the infertility belt where prevalence of infertility is at the highest.2 Infertility has been found to be the leading reason for gynaecological consultations (accounting for about 60%) with a prevalence of about 15% in Nigeria.3 According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive

Oocyte development in Drosophila proceeds through fourteen stages. The first seven stages are pre-vitellogenic, or without any yolk protein. The last seven stages are called vitellogenic because yolk is being deposited and the egg chamber is growing. In an ovary from Drosophila melanogaster, there are many egg chambers. Each egg chamber is made up of sixteen individual cells. Of these sixteen cells, fifteen cells are nurse cells. The other cell is the developing oocyte. The function

by introducing the "players" Mr.Sperm and Miss Oocyte. Mr. Sperm refers to sperm cells, which are found in a male 's scrotal sac; and rightfully the counterpart to a sperm would be an egg, or Ms.Egg for the purpose of the film 's "players". However, Mr. Sperm 's counterpart in the film is Miss Oocyte. While many people may easily be able to identify what a sperm cell is, it is not likely that the same amount of people are able to identify what an Oocyte cell is, making it easily dismissible. According