Combined ANSWERS Practice Exam III DOC

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Practice Exam III 14. Medea transposable elements and meiotic drive at the mouse T-locus violate the usual cooperation among genes in genomes. This results from what sort of selection? a) Selection on a level above the individual b) Selection on extended phenotypes c) Sexual selection d) Selection on a level below the individual e) Selection at the individual level 19. Selection at which of the following levels is responsible for most of the traits of organism? a) Population b) Species c) Individual d) Gene e) Clade 25. What is the indirect component of inclusive fitness? a) Individual survival only b) Survival and reproduction of genes of relatives c) Survival and reproduction of an individual d) Individual reproduction only e) Survival and reproduction of an unrelated social group 30. The slime mold Dictyostelium has separate unrelated cells that glom together to form a stalk and reproductive fruiting body, but only a few of the individuals will get to reproduce. This seems to violate the rule that organisms only evolve traits that benefit themselves. What is the best explanation for this situation? a) Some cells are coercing others into being nonreproductive b) In some species, natural selection does not govern reproduction c) Selection is operating below the level of the individual d) In some species, a gamble is an individual’s only hope to reproduce at all e) Group selection violates the rules of individual selection 34. Which of the following is an example of an extended phenotype? a) hair b) a painting c) feeding behavior d) symbiotic intestinal bacteria e) a clone

38. Suppose one individual performs a helpful behavior that results in a fitness benefit of 0.2 to a full sibling (r= 0.5). According to Hamilton's Rule, what fitness cost can the helper bear in order for this cooperative behavior to spread by kin selection? a) Cannot be determined from the information given b) Greater than 0.2/ 0.5 c) Greater than 0.5* 0.2 d) Less than 0.2/ 0.5 e) Less than 0.5* 0.2 1. Which of the following is NOT considered speciation? a) Allopatric b) Cladogenesis c) Anagenesis d) Parapatric e) Sympatric 2. Adaptive radiations are always characterized by: a) Ecological adaptation and sexual selection b) Speciation and convergent evolution c) Ecological adaptation without speciation d) Rapid speciation and ecological adaptation e) Evolution of similar morphologies among species 3. What is the change in socially learned traits over time, not due to changes in the genes but because of changes in the traits as they are copied and reproduced? a) Adaptation b) Eusociality c) Adaptive radiation d) Cultural evolution e) Speciation 4. List, in order from broad (ancient) to narrow (recent), all of the levels of the classic Linnean hierarchy. Short answer question

5. Which of the following is an example of parapatric speciation? a) Wrasses on either side of the Isthmus of Panama are distinct species since the land mass prevented them from interbreeding over the last 3 million years. b) Several species of fish have diverged from a single one, in a lake where all species breed on the bottom, but each species feeds in a distinct location; perhaps mating decisions are based on food or feeding behavior. c) Geographic variation in a flightless Australian grasshopper species has resulted in speciation because of limited gene flow between distant areas of its range. d) Chipmunks on either side of the Grand Canyon are unable to mate with each other because of divergence since the canyon formed 6 million years ago. e) Several populations of the rat snake exist in the United States; they are diverse across geography, but can breed with each other and there is significant gene flow between populations 6. What was true of the relationship between cattle and inheritance in Bantu-speaking populations in Africa? a) Cattle ownership led to the loss of matriliny b) Cattle were consulted as to the sex that should inherit in each family c) There was no relationship d) Cattle ownership led to the loss of patriliny e) Cattle ownership made inheritance irrelevant 7. Which of the following is the most important rule in designating or naming phylogenetic groups? a) Groups should be defined by phenetic methods b) All species relationships should be determined by DNA sequencing, not morphological traits c) All groups should be monophyletic d) Groups at the same level in the Linnean hierarchy should be about the same genetic distance apart e) Groups should contain organisms that are more similar to each other in their morphological traits than they are to members of other groups 8. What is the term for a trait that is shared because of descent from a common ancestor? a) Homoplasy b) Homology c) Synology d) Analogy e) Convergence

9. What is a synapomorphy? a) A derived trait shared among two or more groups b) A trait that has evolved separately (more than once) in different groups c) An ancient trait that is only present in extinct organisms d) An ancient trait common to all groups e) A trait unique to one species 10. The modern continents of Africa, South America, Australia, and Antarctica (but NOT the other continents) were formed from the breakup of what ancient continent? a) Pangaea b) Permia c) Gaia d) Laurasia e) Gondwana 11. What is the difference between the phylogenetic and biological species concepts? Short answer question 12. What are two differences between ant societies and termite societies as presented in lecture? Short answer question 13. What is the most common mechanism of speciation? a) Change in a single lineage in a single environment over time b) Migration of new individuals into a population c) Separation of two populations by a physical boundary d) Divergence of traits in the same habitat e) Sexual selection leading to exaggerated traits 14. Which of the following is NOT an example of post-mating reproductive isolation? a) Hybrid sterility b) Zygote mortality c) Gamete mortality d) Hybrid inviability e) Parental mortality

15. Which of the following is the most common method of relative dating in paleontology? a) Molecular clock b) Radiometry c) Trapped gas analysis d) Stratigraphy e) Asking out one’s aunt or uncle 16. Why do large and densely connected populations have more potential for cumulative culture? Short answer question 17. Among the set of cladograms shown, which one shows B, C, and D as a clade? a) Cladogram 1 b) Cladogram 2 c) Cladogram 3 d) Cladogram 6 e) None of these cladograms show B, C, and D as a clade 18. What sort of animal cultures have evolved, and what functions do the behaviors tend to have? Short answer question 19. You karyotype (acquire a picture of the chromosomes of) a few members of an obscure plant clade, and notice that several closely related species have chromosome numbers that reveal a pattern: 8, 16, 24, and 32 chromosomes in the four species you studied. What should you suspect? a) Anagenesis b) Selfish genetic elements c) Transposable elements d) Adaptive radiation e) Speciation by polyploidy

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