Study Guide The Why and How of Biology

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Liberty University Online Academy *

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101 - D16

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Biology

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Jun 19, 2024

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BIOL 101 S TUDY G UIDE : T HE W HY AND H OW OF B IOLOGY 1 Life is Significant 1.1 Design That Talks The molecular structure of oak wood is comparable in complexity to the structure of the Brooklyn Bridge. Your text uses this comparison to argue that ___________ (as indicated by the title of your text). ( Even though the Brooklyn bridge is compel, it is not comparable to mother nature’s complexity in its design) 1.2 Design at Multiple Levels Microbiological Architecture “Body systems work with each other in highly related ways.” Which principle of life does this statement illustrate? ( Life is intentionally integrated) Macrobiological Systems Distinguish the way most scholars use the word “community” from the way a biologist uses that term. (see second paragraph of this subsection) Arrange the biological levels of organization described in your text from simplest to most complex. Example: individual – population – community – ecosystem (see Fig 1.17) System - individual - population - community - ecosystem - biosphere Identify biological levels of organization: Examples: Biomolecules are composed of A BACKBONE OF CARBON ATOMS BONDED TO EACH OTHER. Cells of a similar type are organized into (ORGAN) to form a TISSUE. A macro-molecular structure in a cell is composed of PROTEINS. (see Fig 1.17) Identify biological levels of organization: Examples: A collection of different populations forms a(n) COMMUNITY All ecosystems on the earth taken together are called a BIOSPHERE (see Fig 1.17) 1.3 Unity Within Diversity Diversity of Styles List the major groups of organisms within a three-domain system of classification. BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, EUKARYA Page 1 of 10

BIOL 101 List the major groups of organisms within a six-kingdom system of classification. see Fig 1.22 a–f . BACTERIA, ARCHAEA, PROTISTA, PLANTAE, ARIMALIA, FUNGI Unity in Essence Identify 2 requirements that drive and direct the growth of any living thing. (Consider the topic sentences of paragraphs three and four in this subsection.) Recall the two principles of life that describe these two requirements. (listed in those two paragraphs) Associate the principle “Life is Information Expressed” with a molecule that is this principle’s starting point. ( Nucleic acids are needed for growth and resided in a class of biomolecules ) Toward a Description of Life Explain why life cannot be defined. It cannot be simply defined because living things are exhibit way too much STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY and FUNCTIONAL COMPLEXITY Decreases in oxygen level at high altitudes cause hemoglobin levels in the bloodstream to rise. Which principle of life does this statement illustrate? LIFE IS RESPONSIVE 1.4 Teleology, Start to Finish Examples of design in nature lead many to believe there is a purpose lying behind the design. This idea is best captured in what term? THEOLOGY The term “teleology” expresses the idea that behind the designs seen in nature there lies a more ultimate PURPOSE. “A mouse runs because natural selection happens to have given it feet.” What sort of philosopher would make this statement? NATURALISTS Application: A mouse has feet for the purpose of running. Is this statement teleological or non- teleological? Theological - the definition of theology is the philosophical study and purpose Recognize 2 arguments that serious scholars of design use in order to see teleology in nature? 1)Are we sure that the scientific method is the only approach to nature? 2) Does it make sense to everything around us in the realm? To Summarize Recognize examples and non-examples of twelve principles of life on which this course is based. 1)Life is significant 2)Life can be understood Page 2 of 10

BIOL 101 3)Life is complex 4)Life is energy driven 5)Life is information expressed 6)Life is informational continuity 7)Life is internally integrated 8)Life is responsive 9)Life is ultimate art 10) Life is diverse 11) Life is interactive 12) Life is finite Presentation: Biblical Basis of Life’s Significance Recall the reference or location of four Bible passages that each give a reason for life’s significance. Psalms 104:31, Job 7:17-18, Romans 1:20, Psalm 8:5-7 2 Understanding Life’s Design 2.1 How Design is Understood Doing Science Recognize elements of the scientific method based on their description in your textbook. Fig 2.2 (see numbered items in paragraph two of this subsection) A skillful scientist can use a well-asked question to fashion a testable THEORY A hypothesis is: a. a set of related suppositions that when taken together describe a phenomenon b. an explanation to a problem that can be tested experimentally c. a statement about nature that is universally confirmed d. an experiment that tests a theory The scientific method includes all of the following steps except: a. forms a hypothesis b. interpret data to form conclusions (a model) c. builds a model to consider different hypotheses d. experiment to determine whether hypothesis is correct Page 3 of 10

BIOL 101 e. evaluates and draw conclusions (interpretation of data). Fig 2.2 Place the following activities in their correct order: 1. designing an experiment that yields data 2. running the experiment that generates the data 3. deciding how much data to collect 4. collecting the data 5. interpreting the data to validate or discredit a model Whales communicate over many miles using different frequencies of sound. Would this statement best be described as: a. a specific numerical item of data? b. a large set of data items? c. an interpretation of many large sets of data items? d. an initial hypothesis regarding how whales might communicate? e. a conclusion reached as a result of logical thought about communication? (see third paragraph of this subsection) Which of the following activities could not properly be included in the scientific method? a. validating information b. thinking about problems c. experimenting d. observing results e. changing data. (see third paragraph of this section) Many Christians believe that dinosaurs were created approximately 6,000 years ago because soft tissues have been discovered in fossilized T. rex bones. This belief is an example of: a. data from an experiment b. a prediction leading to design of an experiment c. a controlled experiment d. an interpretation of data e. a question leading to a hypothesis Page 4 of 10

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