Lab 1

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Fort Valley State University *

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1101

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Biology

Date

Feb 20, 2024

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docx

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9

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Biological Measurements Introduction Biology is a science and biologists use the scientific method. The scientific method involves observing, making a hypothesis, and testing the hypothesis through experimentation. Most scientific observations must be quantified and recorded as numbers. Numbers provide an objective means by which to analyze the information provided by the observations made. During this exercise you will organize data, calculate means, and prepare various graphs. Often you will be asked to prepare frequency distributions. A frequency distribution indicates the number of observations in each category observed. Remember there are different ways to graph frequency distributions. A bar graph uses columns proportional to the frequency of observations of each category represented. A histogram is similar to a bar graph but with the sides of the columns touching. A pie chart is organized like a pie with the size of each slice proportional to the frequency in the class represented. Whichever method you use to graph your data, you must be sure to label your graph and indicate the scale of measurement you use . Example Red Cross determined the blood type of 151 individuals and want to graph the frequency distribution using a bar graph. The graph representing the data is below. Remember: Y-axis is dependent X- axis is independent A B AB O 0 20 40 60 80 100 51 74 18 8 Blood Types Se- ries1 Blood Type Individuals
Scenario One Suppose that a researcher wanted to determine the frequency distribution of blood types in 10 males and 10 females at random using a standard antibody antigen procedure. Below is an example of what the agglutination (clumping) looks like between the blood-antigen interactions. Blood Blood w/ Blood w/ Blood Blood w/ Blood w/ Sample Anti-A Anti-B Sample Anti-A Anti-B Type A Type AB Type B Type O Compare the results below for each subject with the standards that are shown above so that you can determine the blood types of each subject. Males: Type: Females: Type: A AB AB B A B A A B O O AB AB B B AB AB A O AB
1. Determine the frequency of each blood type for each sex and organize the data. Tabulate the total number of males and then the number of females with blood types A, B, AB, and O. A B AB O Males 3 2 3 2 Females 2 3 4 1 Total 5 5 7 3 2. Now, use a histogram below to show the frequency of blood types for each sex. Make sure to label properly. Pink: Type A | Blue Type B | Orange: Type AB |. Purple: Type O Number with this type Males Females 3. Now, use the pie chart below to show the percentage of each blood type. Combine the sexes and be sure to label each piece of the pie. Use the following formula to calculate percentage: Part _ Whole x 100 = _____ % Show your calculations. A= 25% (pink) B= 25% (blue) AB= 35% (yellow) O= 15% (purple)
Scenario Two Suppose that you perform an experiment that requires the measurement of the movement of a liquid in a tube. You are asked to determine the rate of movement in centimeters per minute and the cumulative movement for the entire time period. Movement per minute is just what it sounds like: how many centimeters the liquid moved during a given minute. Cumulative movement requires keeping track of the total amount of movement from the very beginning to the current minute. The results of the experiment are in the table below. Time (min. ) Movement Per Minute (cm) Cumulative Movement (cm) 0 0 0 1 2 2 2 5 7 3 3 10 4 8 18 5 4 22 6 0 22 7 1 23 8 6 29 9 4 33 10 1 34 4. Complete the table above Below is an example of a line graph showing the movement/minute data from previous table. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Movement Per Minute Time (min) Movement (cm)
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