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Biological Measurements
Introduction Biology is a science and biologists use the scientific method. The scientific method
involves observing, making a hypothesis, and testing the hypothesis through
experimentation. Most scientific observations must be quantified and recorded as
numbers. Numbers provide an objective means by which to analyze the information
provided by the observations made. During this exercise you will organize data, calculate means, and prepare various
graphs. Often you will be asked to prepare frequency distributions. A frequency
distribution
indicates the number of observations in each category observed.
Remember there are different ways to graph frequency distributions. A bar graph
uses
columns proportional to the frequency of observations of each category represented. A
histogram
is similar to a bar graph but with the sides of the columns touching. A pie
chart
is organized like a pie with the size of each slice proportional to the frequency in
the class represented. Whichever method you use to graph your data, you must be
sure to label your graph and indicate the scale of measurement you use
.
Example
Red Cross determined the blood type of 151 individuals and want to graph the
frequency distribution using a bar graph. The graph representing the data is below.
Remember: Y-axis is dependent
X- axis is independent
A
B
AB
O
0
20
40
60
80
100
51
74
18
8
Blood Types
Se-
ries1
Blood Type
Individuals
Scenario One
Suppose that a researcher wanted to determine the frequency distribution of blood types in 10
males and 10 females at random using a standard antibody antigen procedure. Below is an
example of what the agglutination (clumping) looks like between the blood-antigen interactions.
Blood
Blood w/
Blood w/
Blood
Blood w/
Blood w/
Sample
Anti-A
Anti-B
Sample
Anti-A
Anti-B
Type A
Type AB
Type B
Type O
Compare the results below for each subject with the standards that are shown above so that
you can determine the blood types of each subject. Males:
Type:
Females:
Type:
A
AB AB
B
A
B
A
A
B
O
O
AB
AB
B
B
AB AB
A
O
AB
1.
Determine the frequency of each blood type for each sex and organize the data. Tabulate
the total number of males and then the number of females with blood types A, B, AB, and O.
A
B
AB
O
Males 3
2
3
2
Females 2
3
4
1
Total
5
5
7
3
2.
Now, use a histogram below to show the frequency of blood types for each sex. Make sure
to label properly. Pink: Type A | Blue Type B | Orange: Type AB |. Purple: Type O
Number with this type
Males
Females
3.
Now, use the pie chart
below to show the percentage
of each blood type. Combine the
sexes and be sure to label each piece of the pie. Use the following formula to calculate
percentage: Part
_ Whole x 100 = _____ % Show your calculations. A= 25% (pink)
B= 25% (blue)
AB= 35% (yellow)
O= 15% (purple)
Scenario Two Suppose that you perform an experiment that requires the measurement of the movement of a
liquid in a tube. You are asked to determine the rate of movement in centimeters per minute and
the cumulative movement for the entire time period. Movement per minute is just what it sounds
like: how many centimeters the liquid moved during a given minute. Cumulative movement
requires keeping track of the total amount of movement from the very beginning to the current
minute. The results of the experiment are in the table below. Time
(min.
) Movement Per Minute (cm) Cumulative Movement (cm) 0 0 0 1 2
2
2 5
7
3 3
10
4 8
18
5 4
22
6 0
22
7 1
23
8 6
29
9 4
33
10 1
34
4.
Complete the table above Below is an example of a line graph showing the movement/minute data from previous table. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Movement Per Minute
Time (min)
Movement (cm)
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