Chapter 9 study - answers

Chapter 8: Joints 1. Define an articulation (joint). 2. Compare the structure, degree of movement and location of fibrous, cartilaginous a joints. 3. List the types of synovial joints, their possible movements and examples of each typ 4. Describe the structure and function of articular discs, fat pads and bursae.

3. A saddle joint is unique because each bone of the joint has surfaces that are: ___________________________ 4. Give an example of each of the descriptions that follow. A. Joint movement with large amount of roll: ___________________________ B. Joint movement with large amount of glide: ___________________________ ___________________________ C. Joint movement with large amount of spin: ___________________________

1. How do synovial joint differ from other type of bone articulation? A. Have joint cavity B. Bones are joined by fibrous tissue c. Articulating bones are joined by cartilage d. Articulating bones are covered by tendons  2. These are the features of synovial joint except? A. Surrounded by an articular capsule b. Synovial fluid filling space between articulating bones c. Synovial membrane covering the articulatig bone surface d. Supported by reinforcing ligament

10. Coxae come together anteriorly at the joint called ______________________ 11. The pelvic girdle is form by 2 ____________ 12. The pectoral girdle is formed by the _____________ and the _____________ 13. The first cervical vertebra is called C1 or ___________ 14. The second cervical vertebra is called C2 or ___________

1. The structure in the skin that helps make it soft and protect it from drying 8. Classification of joint describe as fixed, thus no movement is possible 2. The part of the skin that prevents water to escape to the environment 9. Condition wherein the cartilage in the joints may become partially or completely ossified, as people 3. How do sweat glands keep the skin cool _ grow older 4. Five function of the skin 10. Lower arm bone is compose of 11. Lower leg bone is compose of 12. Rigid connective tissue that contains specialized cells and matrix with extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance 5. Five layers of the epidermis 13. Main shaft of the long bone is called expanded ends 14. Total number of an adult bones newborn 15. Two division of Skeletal System 6. This layer of the skin is made up of papillary and reticular layer which acts as thermoregulators and nourishment 1. Type of muscle found in the upper arm 7. It is an invagination of the epidermis which is the only…

1-Based on animal studies, how long in weeks before a tendon heals to the point when the tissue can be stressed? 2-Discuss fibrotic changes and adhesions in the joint capsule following injury. 3-List and describe the several steps in the process of degenerative disk disease

16.What are the causes associated with osteoporosis in women and men?17.How does osteoporosis differ from osteomalacia? Name three differences.18. What are the risk factors for osteomyelitis?19. How does noninflammatory joint disease differ from inflammatory joint disease? Describe two principal features of each.20. How does rheumatoid arthritis affect the skin, heart, lungs, and kidneys?21. How do monosodium urate crystals cause gout to develop?22. What is the main objective clinical finding in fibromyalgia?23. How do metabolic muscle diseases develop? What causes them?24. Name one toxic myopathy and explain why it develops.25. From what cells do bone tumors originate?26. Compare five major characteristics of benign bone tumors with those of malignant bone tumors.27. How does the presence of metastatic tumors affect treatment options and prognosis of persons with osteosarcoma?

14.What bone articulates with the distal end of the femur, the tibia or the fibula? 15.What bone markings can be used to distinguish the right libia from the left? 16.What bone markings can be used to distinguish the right fibula from the left? 17.What holds the fibula to he tibia? 18. What does the proximal end of the humerus articulate with? 19. Vhat bone markings can be used to distinguish the right humerus from the left? 20. What bones does the distal end of the humerus articulate with? 21. How does the head of the humerus compare/contrast to the head of the femur? 22.Provide all of the bone markings can be used to distinguish the right ulna from the left. 23.Provide all of the bone markings can be used to distinguish the right radius from the left.

4. Compare a suture, a symphysis, and a synovial joint.

2. What is not a potential complication of rheumatoid arthritis?o Paresthesiaso Joint deformityo Dry eyeso Fibromyalgia

Match the structural class of joint to the type of joint in that class. Some answers may be used : synovial, fibrous, cartilaginousmore than once.1. Syndesmosis 2. Saddle3. Gomphosis4. Symphysis5. Pivot

1. What are the three functional classes of joints? 2. What are the three structural classes of joints? Indicate what separates the bones in each joint type. 3. List the three types of fibrous joints. O Focus 近

How are joints classified anatomically? Group of answer choices a. by changes that occur upon movement b. by how they function with movement c. by both their size and location d. by the material holding them together or the presence of joint cavity   What kind of joint shows the least amount of movement? Group of answer choices a . fixated b. cartilaginous c. fibrous d. synovial

Which of the following is NOT true about joints in the body? A. they are found in places where 4 bones meet B. They are found in places where 2 bones meet C. They have synovial fluid that keeps joint lubricated (smooth) so we can move more easily D. They come in many types

None

12. Describe the types of synovial joints and list an example of each.

1. It is the maximum amount of movement available at a joint in one of the three planes of the body. any. A. Mobility B. Range of motion C. Gait D. Exercise and activity Rationale: 2. What type of joint is fits this description oval head of one bone fits into a shallow cavity of another bone; flexion-extension and abduction-adduction can occur? A. Ball-and-socket B. Condyloid C. Gliding D. Hinge Rationale: 3. Which of the following does NOT describe adduction? A. Move leg laterally away from body. B. Lower arm sideways and across body as far as possible. C. Place hand with palm down and extend wrist medially toward thumb. D. Move leg back toward medial position and beyond if possible. Rationale: 4. What should be assessed when planning patient activities such as walking, ROM exercises or ADLS? A. Exercise B. Activity tolerance C. Activity intolerance D. Disability Rationale: 5. If a patient is observed laterally while standing, how should the spinal curves be aligned? A. Aligned…

29. What is the name of the joint that connects the pelvis to the sacrum? Oa. Ankle joint Ob. Knee joint Oc. Shoulder joint Od. Sacroiliac joint

7. Cartilage 1. Is an avascular tissue. 2. Contains a unique system of channel or canals called canaliculi 3. May have 4 cells, two of which are the osteoprogenitor cell that gives rise to the osteoblast. 4. Forms the stroma of organs 8. Bone 1. Makes up the endoskeleton 2. That is compact contains several small canals with blood vessels.called the Haversian Canal running through each. 3. Contains cells called oseteoclasts that are positioned concentrically in the bone lacunae 4. that is called spongy does not contain Haversian systems as seen in compact bone 9. Which cell occurs in Epithelium 1. Osteoclast 2. chondrocyte 3. Fibroblast 4. Columnar cell

please answer question 19

1.How does osteoporosis differ from osteomalacia? Name three differences. 2. What are the risk factors for osteomyelitis? 3. How does noninflammatory joint disease differ from inflammatory joint disease? Describe two principal features of each. 4. How does rheumatoid arthritis affect the skin, heart, lungs, and kidneys?

10. The appendicular skeleton is comprised of the pectoral girdle the lower limb the skill both a and B

| 20 uw Regarding joints of the body which one is FALSE 1 درجة A. The sutures of the skull are fibrous joint В. the joints between the vertebral bodies are cartilaginous joint С. the elbow joint is synovial joint D. The knee joint is cartilaginous joint D

10. A 55-year-old woman presented to the hospital with complaints of muscle weakness, fatigue, night cramps, pain in the lumbar region. When fluoroscopy revealed a decrease in bone density, a violation of bone structure. The patient was diagnosed with osteoporosis («porous bones»). Osteoporosis is a common cause of fractures of the spine, femur and forearm bones. The doctor prescribed treatment with calcitriol and calcium supplements. Calcitriol receptors exist in two allelic variants B and b. Studies have shown that dominant homozygotes BB are more susceptible to osteoporosis and this patient has this genotype. What are the other causes of osteoporosis and what is the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of calcitriol? For answer: d) name the main causes of osteoporosis; e) explain why the use of calcitriol and calcium preparations improves the condition of patients with osteoporosis.

10. A 55-year-old woman presented to the hospital with complaints of muscle weakness, fatigue, night cramps, pain in the lumbar region. When fluoroscopy revealed a decrease in bone density, a violation of bone structure. The patient was diagnosed with osteoporosis («porous bones»). Osteoporosis is a common cause of fractures of the spine, femur and forearm bones. The doctor prescribed treatment with calcitriol and calcium supplements. Calcitriol receptors exist in two allelic variants B and b. Studies have shown that dominant homozygotes BB are more susceptible to osteoporosis and this patient has this genotype. What are the other causes of osteoporosis and what is the mechanism of the therapeutic effect of calcitriol? For answer: a) indicate the target organs of calcitriol; b) write a scheme for the calcitriol synthesis; c) describe the mechanism of calcitriol action on target cells;

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1. The 2 division of skeletal system are____________ and______________ skeleton    2. The axial is composed of the bones of the___________, _____________, ______________, _____________, and _______________ 3. The appendicular skeleton is composed of bones if the______________, _______________, _________________, and _______________