CH18McgrawHillSmartbook 18

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School

San Antonio College *

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Course

1407

Subject

Biology

Date

Feb 20, 2024

Type

pdf

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Uploaded by CorporalBook6857

smartbook (5) question answers Digestive enzymes release monomers from organic polymers by means of _______ reactions.~ hydrolysis In general, _______ nerves stimulate motility and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract.~ parasympathetic Partial digestion of starch, a complex dietary carbohydrate, begins in the oral cavity through the action of salivary _______.~ amylase Digestive enzymes direct reactions which may break covalent bonds in both food and molecules.~ h2o The theme of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, \rest and \”~ reflects its role in the regulation of the gastrointestinal tract." digest Saliva contains ______.~ mucus, salivary amylase Organic molecules in _______ are used for the synthesis of macromolecules, cells, and tissues in the human body.~ food The chemical energy of food molecules is extracted during cellular respiration to make . ~ ATP Arrange the layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract from the closest to the lumen (1) to furthest from the lumen (4).~ 1) mucosa 2) submucosa 3) muscularis externa 4) serosa The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes to enter the abdominal cavity is called the esophageal .~ hiatus Food is typically ingested as polymers of macromolecules, which are made from individual subunits called _________ , especially for carbohydrates and proteins.~ monomers Secretion of hydrogen ion (H+) by parietal cells~ transports H+ against its concentration gradient.,exchanges K+ for H+.,occurs by primary active transport. The pharynx is connected to the stomach by the _____________.~ esophagus A non-enzymatic secretion of salivary glands, _______ facilitates bolus formation during mastication.~ mucus The most distensible organ of the digestive system is the _______ and it connects the esophagus and the duodenum.~ stomach The ATPase pump in the apical membrane of parietal cells moves _______ into the cells while transporting _______ out of the cells.~ K+; H+ Carbonic acid (H2CO3), produced within parietal cells by the enzyme , dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-).~ carbonic, anhydrase The esophagus~ connects the pharynx and the stomach; does not produce digestive enzymes. Transport of chloride ions (Cl-) into parietal cells occurs~ against an electrical gradient.,down their concentration gradient. The bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) exchanged for chloride ions (Cl-) at the basolateral surface of parietal cells is formed by the dissociation of carbonic acid (H2CO3), produced by the enzyme _______ _________ from carbonic anhydrase The opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes to enter the abdominal cavity is called the esophageal __________.~ hiatus An action of gastric juice is to activate the enzyme ____________ in the stomach.~ pepsinogen The adherent layer of mucus is able to maintain a nearly neutral pH by incorporating secreted by apical plasma membranes.~ alkaline bicarbonate Pepsin specifically hydrolyzes _______ bonds in _______.~ peptide ...... proteins The stomach empties into the of the small intestine.~ duodenum The small intestine extends from the sphincter, superiorly to the valve, inferiorly.~ pyloric, ileocecal Inhibitory peptides are released from pepsinogen by ___________ ________, freeing the fully active enzyme pepsin.~ hydrochloric acid Simple columnar epithelial cells of the small intestinal mucosa possess __________ that extend into the ________ of the small intestine, and goblet cells that secrete ___________.~ microvilli, lumen, mucus Protection of gastric epithelial cells from corrosion by acid and digestion by pepsin is a ff orded by __________.~ the adherent layer of mucus. For a food bolus in the stomach, _______ digestion is initiated by pepsin; _______ digestion, which began in the oral cavity, continues until the enzyme responsible is denatured by acid; and the digestion of ______ protein; starch; lipid The longest part of the gastrointestinal tract is the _______.~ small intestine An action of gastric juice is to activate the enzyme __________ in the stomach.~ pepsinogen The finger-like folds of mucosa in the small intestine are ______.~ villi The adherent layer of mucus is able to maintain a nearly neutral pH by incorporating ___________ ____________ secreted by apical plasma membranes.~ alkaline bicarbonate Salivary amylase works in the ______.~ mouth The small intestine extends from the ____________ sphincter, superiorly to the _________ valve, inferiorly.~ pyloric,ileocecal Peristalsis in the small intestine is _______ than in the esophagus.~ slower, weaker Intestinal microbiota or microflora are~ normal residents of the human gastrointestinal tract mostly, but not exclusively, bacteria. Hydrolytic enzymes referred to as brush border enzymes are~ located in the plasma membrane of microvilli; oriented with the active site exposed to chyme. The contractile pressure accompanying peristalsis in the small intestine is greater in the _______ than in the _______.~ duodenum; ileum The numbers of microorganisms _______ from the stomach to the large intestine.~ increase The sequence of waste passage in the large intestine is first through the ______.~ ascending colon In intestinal epithelial cells, absorption of sodium by active transport, through the _______ membrane surface, drives the passive absorption of water, through the _______ membrane surface.~ basolateral ...... apical When the anal sphincters relax and abdominal muscles contract, __________ occurs.~ defecation The active sites of brush border enzymes are oriented toward the _______ of the small intestine.~ lumen Simple columnar epithelial cells absorb approximately 78% of the fluid (approximately 5.5 to 7 liters) that enters the _______, and approximately 90% of the fluid (approximately 1.4 to 1.8 liters) that enters the ____ small intestine; large intestine After absorption into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract, the _________ is the first organ to receive water-soluble nutrients.~ liver An increase in rectal pressure due the presence of feces causes the _______ anal sphincter to relax; relaxation of the _______ anal sphincter is voluntary.~ Internal; external Glucose and cholesterol can enter the bloodstream from cells of the _______ and _______.~ liver; small intestine Bile is concentrated and stored in the ______.~ gallbladder In the small intestine, lipids first are ______ as they enter a micelle.~ emulsified The capillary spaces in the liver are called ________________.~ sinusoids Pancreatic islets are responsible for the ______ of the organ.~ endocrine function The gallbladder~ receives and releases bile through the cystic duct.,concentrates bile.,is a distensible storage organ. In a micelle, the _________ parts of the bile salts orient toward the center of the aggregate, whereas the __________ groups extend to the periphery of the aggregate.~ hydrophobic; hydrophilic Cells of the pancreatic secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon.~ islets The ______ phase of stomach function could be stimulated by the sight of food.~ cephalic Ganglia of the enteric nervous system are interconnected by the __________ plexus, found along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract, and the ____________ plexus, located in the small and large intestines Auerbach's,Meissner's Maintenance of the exocrine pancreas is dependent on the trophic e ff ects of the hormone _______.~ cholecystokinin The digestion of complex carbohydrates begins in the mouth ; the digestion of disaccharides occurs in the __________.~ duodenum The enteric nervous system~ consists of neurons and glial cells.,operates using several neurotransmitters. The secretion of CCK in the duodenum is stimulated by the _______ and ________ content of the chyme.~ protein; fat Maintenance of the structure of the gastric mucosa is dependent on the trophic e ff ects of the hormone _______.~ gastrin The substrate for salivary amylase is _______, and the product is _______.~ starch; maltose Ganglia of the enteric nervous system are interconnected by the plexus, found along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract, and the plexus, located in the small and large intestines.~ Auerbach's,Meissner's Secretion of pancreatic enzymes is stimulated by ACh and the hormone ______.~ CCK Protein digestion begins in the stomach with the action of ________.~ pepsin Bile is most important to the ______.~ emulsification Chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth is aided by ______.~ salivary amylase The major products of protein digestion by pepsin are ________ ___________.~ short-chain polypeptides. The stomach enzyme that aids protein digestion is ______.~ pepsin Bile (salt) _______ lipids.~ emulsify 1

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