Ocean Acidification Lab
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Diamonique Harris Dr. Amanda Glazier
Biology 3244 Lab
May 30, 2018 Ocean Acidification
Introduction
:
Ocean acidification refers to a reduction in the pH of the ocean over an extended period of time, caused primarily by uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. (NOAA) The pH of the water lowers when the atmospheric CO
2
dissolves and equilibrates in surface waters, forming carbonic acid (H
2
CO
3
), which disassociates to bicarbonate ions (HCO
3
-
) and hydrogen ions (H
+
). At the same time the H
+
ions are reacting with carbonate ions (CO
3
2-
) to form additional HCO
3
-
, reducing the available carbonate ions (CO
3
2-
) that some organisms use to produce calcium carbonate skeletons. If the concentration of H
+ increases in a solution, it’s pH decreases and the solution will become more acidic, which is why the process is called ocean acidification (Dr. Jay Lecture 4). Prior to the industrial revolution the carbon cycle was approximately in balance (Dr. Jay Lecture 4), as in the amount of CO
s being output into the atmosphere was the same amount being absorbed by the ocean. Over the years surface waters have decreased by 0.1 pH unit and are now expected to decline an additional 0.3-0.4 pH unit in about 70 years. Ocean acidification affects marine organisms that secrete calcium carbonate shells or skeletons such as corals, mollusks, and echinoderms. The ocean absorbs about 30 percent of CO
2
that is released into the atmosphere. (NOAA) Resulting in a direct correlation between an increase in CO
2
and an increase in the level of the ocean which decreases the oxygen available.
Corals have a more soluble form of calcium carbonate in their shells called aragonite, whereas, Donax has a less soluble form, called calcite. It is expected that ocean acidification will not only have a negative effect on marine calcifiers but have a greater effect on organisms that secrete aragonite. The purpose of this experiment is to test the effects of ocean acidification on skeletons of corals and shells of the beam clam Donax
sp. Null Hypothesis (H
0
)
:
There is no change in the shell mass through several days of treatment
Alternative Hypothesis (H
1
):
There is a loss of mass indicating shells are dissolving (initial mass – wet mass 23)
Methods
:
The experiment began with four beakers. Two labeled ambient pH and two labeled treatment pH, one of each for control and the other for clam. 20 clamshells being placed into seawater to soak for 10 minutes and the weights were recorded. The four beakers were filled as the following:
Ambient pH control jar: 100 mL seawater
Treatment pH control jar: 100 mL low pH water
Ambient pH clam jar: 100 mL seawater
Treatment pH clam jar: 100 mL low pH water 20 clamshells soaking . The clamshells were then placed 10 into each of the “clam” jars. An API kit was used in order to determine the pH, calcium concentration and Kh levels of the samples. The samples then sat
to dry for 5 days and then the pH, calcium concentration, and Kh levels were recorded for each samples. Finally, the clamshells were placed back into seawater solution to soak again and their final weights were recorded. Results
: Table 1: Test subject masses.
Clam – ambient
Clam – treatment
Initial mass (g)
0.232
0.40
Wet mass (g) May 21
0.216
0.338
Dry mass (g) May 23
0.209
0.361
Wet mass (g) May 23
0.209
0.37
Table 2: Masses of clams over a 5day period.
Clam - ambient
Clam - treatment
Initial mass to wet mass May 21
0.232 – 0.216 = 0.016
0.40 – 0.338 = 0.062
Initial mass to dry mass may 23
0.232 – 0.209 = 0.023
0.40 – 0.361 = 0.039
Initial mass to wet mass may 23
0.232 – 0.209 = 0.023
0.40 – 0.37 = 0.03
Wet mass May 21 to dry mass May 23
0.216 – 0.209 = 0.007
0.338 – 0.361 = - 0.023
Wet mass May 21 to wet mass May 23
0.216 – 0.209 = 0.007
0.338 – 0.37 = - 0.032
Table 3: Water chemistry parameters for seawater control.
pH – ambient
pH – treatment
Calcium – ambient
Calcium – treatment
KH – ambient
KH - treatment
Start
7.35
6.55
600 ppm – 30 drops
580 – 29 drops
14 drops – 250.6 ppm
16 drops – 286.4 ppm
1.5 hours later
7.45
6.67
540 ppm
500 – 25 drops
14 drops – 250.6
16 drops – 286.4
5 days later
7.94
7.69
520 ppm 440 ppm
14 drops
12 drops – 214.8 ppm
Net change
0.59
1.14
-80
-140
0
-71.6
Table 4: Water chemistry parameters for clam treatment. pH – ambient
pH – treatment
Calcium – ambient
Calcium – treatment
KH – ambient
KH - treatment
Start
7.46
6.62
460 ppm
520 – 26 drops
14 drops – 250.6 ppm
14 drops –
250.6 ppm
1.5 hours later
7.47
6.58
560 ppm -28 drops
560 – 28 drops
14 drops – 250.6 ppm
16 drops -286.4
5 days later
7.92
7.71
520 ppm-26
drops 420 – 21 drops
11 drops- 196.9 ppm
11 drops –
196.9 ppm
Net change
0.46
1.09
60
-100
-53.7
-53.7
Table 5:
Class Data: Clam mass
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