Data-Driven Decision Making: Module 1-6 Practice Questions

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Module 1-6 practice questions Data-Driven Decision Making (Western Governors University) Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university Module 1-6 practice questions Data-Driven Decision Making (Western Governors University) Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

Module 1 1. _________________is the discovery, analysis and communication of meaningful patterns in data . Analytics 2. _________________is a prejudice in data that results when either the respondent or the interviewer have and agenda that afects responses . Information Bias 3. _________________places data into categories that are ordered by a predetermined criteria . Ordinal Data 4. _________________occurs when something (for example data or survey response) is missing . Omission Error 5. _________________is numerical data that is ordered, is equal distance apart and does not have a natural zero. Interval Data 6. _________________is consistent and repeatable . Reliable Data 7. _________________represents errors in data caused by unpredictable statistical fuctuations . * Random Error 8. _________________places data into “either or” categories or identifes by name or characteristic. * Nominal Data 9. _________________includes cleaning and storage of collected data . * Data Management 10. _________________is a massive amount of data that is difcult to process using traditional database and software techniques. Big Data 11. _________________is numerical data that has a natural zero allowing this data to be added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

Ratio Data 12. _________________is a prejudice in data that results when the sample is not representative of the population be tested Measurement Bias 13. Why is quantitative analysis and analytics important in decision making. Decisions are less subjective Analytics can be explanatory Managers can build predictive models 14. Sales for the Northern Region are expected to decrease 2% in the next fscal year Predictive Analysis 15. The median household income for New York City from 2009 – 2013 is $58,003 . Descriptive Analysis 16. Alternating two trains between 5:00 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. will increase on time arrivals Prescriptive Analysis 17. The largest consumer group of the product is female. Descriptive Analysis 18. Employee turnover for the organization will be more than 5%. Predictive Analysis 19. Increasing the ratio of ingredient A to ingredient B to 1:1.5 will yield more product . Prescriptive Analysis 20. Stage 1 of the Davenport-Kim Three-stage Model includes which two of the following steps? * Review of previous Problem Recognition Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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21. Stage 2 of the Davenport-Kim Three-stage Model includes which two of the following steps? * Solve the problem Data collection Measurement Scale 1. Which data type is types of cars produced in a factory? Nomina l 2. Which data type is distance between each process step measured in inches ? Ratio 4. Which data type is the age group of survey participants? Ordinal 5. What type of data is a pain scale ( example: 1 – 10 )? Interval 6. What type of data are women’s dress sizes ? Interval 7. What type of data is the age of each participant in a survey ? Ratio 7. What type of data are sales total for the day in dollars ? Ratio 8. Select the elements of an Experimental Study : (Choose 3) Response Treatments Experimental units DATA MANAMMENT AND DATA ERROR 1. This bias occurs if the sample is not randomized . Measurement Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

2. When an instrument produces a consistent output, it is: Reliable 3. This type of error will cancel itself out over a large number of measurements. Random 4. The use of a placebo that is known by the treatment allocator or researcher is considered a(n): Blind Study 5. Cleaning and storing collected data is: Data Management Module 2 1. Which of the following statistics are unafected by a single large outlier ? Median Interquartile range (IQR) Mode 2. Which of the following is most suitable for policy making based on income distribution? * Median 3. If we study data from a population whose mean is 200 and standard deviation is 30, which of the following data points has a z-score of -3? * 110 4. Which of the following statistics measures the spread of the dataset away from mean? Variance 5. Which of the following are measures of spread or variability of a dataset ? Interquartile Range (IQR) Range Variance 6. An experiment consists of rolling a die and fipping a coin. Which two choices below best apply for computing the probability of rolling a 6 on a die AND fipping head on a coin? Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

Multiplication & Intersection 7. An experiment consists of rolling a die and fipping a coin. Which two choices below best apply for computing the probability of rolling a 6 on a die OR fipping head on a coin? Addition & Union 8. The probability that a baby is a girl, given that the baby is wearing pink is 0.8. The probability that a baby is a girl is 0.5. Which of the choices below best applies for determining the probability that a baby is wearing pink GIVEN THAT the baby is a girl? Bayes 9. A government ofcial noticed that Total US Highway Fatality Rate was strongly correlated to the tons of lemons imported. Before concluding that the more lemons we import the lower the fatality rate, what is the main issue should the ofcial think about here? What is the slope of the regression line? 11. For the scatter diagram below, which of the following describes the correlation? Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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Strong Negative 12. We examine a population with normal distribution having a mean = 1,000 and standard deviation = 50. What approximate percentage of the population lies between 850 and 1150? 99.7 Feedback z-score for 850 = (850-1000)/50 = -150/50 = -3 z-score for 1150 = (1150-1000)/50 = +150/50 = +3 13. We examine a population with normal distribution having a mean = 1,000 and standard deviation = 50. What approximate percentage of the population lies between 900 and 1100? 95% 13. "We examine a population with normal distribution having a mean = 1,000 and standard deviation = 50. What approximate percentage of the population lies between 950 and 1050?" * 68% Feedback z-score for 950 = (950-1000)/50 = -50/50 = -1 z-score for 1050 = (1050-1000)/50 = +50/50 = +1 14. How are Z-scores from a population with a normal distribution distributed? Normal Distribution with mean = 0 and standard deviation =1 15. If we need to examine the relationship between age and salary , which of the following would be most useful? Scatter Plot 16. Consider a population with mean 100 and standard deviation of 10. If we randomly select a data point from the population, what is the probability that the point will be between 90 and 110? (Hint: consider the Z-scores )? 2.68% 17. A gym owner wants to know the TYPICAL time a patron spends at the gym . Which is the best statistic to consider Mode 18. This misuse of statistics occurs when the respondents to a survey say what they believe the questioner wants to hear . Response Bias Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

19. This misuse of statistics occurs when the surveyor is actively seeking a certain response to support his or her theory or cause . Bias can occur when the researcher manipulates the phrasing of questions in order to elicit the desired response. Conscious Bias Module 3 Quantitative Statistical Tools 1. _________________is a general direction in which something is developing or changing Trend 2. _________________verifes if multiple populations of data are the same or at least one is diferent than the others . Analysis of variance (ANOVA) 3. _________________describes results that go up and down periodically , but don’t necessarily follow the calendar cyclicality 4. _________________assumes that the variance of a dependent variable is consistent across the range of values homoscedasticity 5. _________________is the midpoint value of a group of measurements median 6. _________________is a group of observations that have something in common Statistical population 7. _________________is the average of a group of measurements mean 8. _________________is the assumption that the variance of a dependent variable changes across the range of values Heteroscedasticity 9. _________________is calculated from ( responses to) the value of the other variables in an equation Dependent variable Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

10. _________________occurs when there is a one-time unusual measurement in a process Irregularity 11. _________________describes variability in a process that occurs at the same time of year each year Seasonality 12. _________________in a time series regression, describes events whose probability of occurring depends upon the events that occurred previously autocorrelation 13. _________________describes the variability that occurs in events for which we have no explanation Random variation 14. _________________is a variable in an equation to which we can assign a specifc value and predict the value of another variable . * Independent variable 15. _________________is a measurement that is very diferent than other measurements of similar events * outlier 16. _________________is the most common or typical measurement of a group of events * mode 17. Linear Programming ( optimization ) fnds a maximum or minimum solution in a situation that has various constraints * True 2. If we are analyzing which among three equipment options for a new ofce would be the best choice, we might use Crossover Analysis * True 3. In a Crossover Analysis considering three options, every crossover point is essential to our analysis * False 4. Break-even Analysis requires only fxed and variable cost information * Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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False 5. The Mean can be found on the left, middle or right portions of a Normal Curve * False 6. The Average and the Mean are synonyms * True 7. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) helps us determine statistical diferences between groups of data * True 8. The Z-test is the key statistic for an ANOVA analysis * False 9. Regression Analysis creates a “Best Fit” line for a set of data * True 10. Time Series Analysis requires fnding the best experts who will predict what is coming in the future * False 11. Cluster Analysis is used to fnd groupings in a set of data * True 12. Decision Analysis uses a weighted average of all possible outcomes to determine the best course of action * True 13. The Independent Variable is the prediction that is calculated from the data of a specifc situation * False 14. The Correlation of a set of data reveals what is causing the pattern we are seeing * False 15. Error Measurements help determine which forecasting tool is most useful for predicting future events * True 16. Least Squares and Linear Regression are synonyms * Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

True 17. Cyclicality refers to patterns that return each January * False 18. A general increase in sales over time is considered a Trend * True 19. Multiple Linear Regression has more than one Independent Variable * True 20. An Outlier should always be removed from our data * False 21. Simulations utilize Probabilistic Inputs that represent the randomness of the real world * True 22. Which of the following represents the prediction in a regression problem ? * dependent variable 23. If the restaurant sales average $100,000 per month and the standard deviation is $10,000, what is the approximate probability that sales will be less than $90,000 in any given month? * 68% Feedback z-score = (90,000-100,000)/10,000 = -10,000/10,000 = -1 From the Empirical rule we know about 68% of the data is between -1 and +1 z 100% - 68% = 32% below -1 and above +1 Because the normal curve is symmetrical, half of the 32% or 16% lies below or "less than" z = -1 or $90,000 3. There are three elementary schools in a community, and the third-grade students take a standardized math test. Which tool would help us analyze whether all three of the schools’ students perform similarly on this math test or whether the performance of the students at one school is statistically diferent than the other two schools? * ANOVA Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

4. Which of the following would describe a data distribution that has two peaks and is otherwise symmetrical ? * Bimodal distribution 6. Which of the following is described by correlation ? * One variable is related to the other variable 6. Which of the following statistical tests helps us understand the probability of our being wrong if we reject the null hypothesis ? * P-value 7. We have a situation where we have to make some decisions, interspersed with a series of events that we do not control. Which tool will help us make a better decision? * Decision Analysis 8. "We have a linear regression equation that predicts power usage per year. The equation is: y = 50 + 10x. If I want to know the usage for year 10, the model forecasts which of the following…" * 150 9. A Normal Distribution uses the Z-score to determine probabilities of various events. If we want the upper tail to contain 2.5% of all possible outcomes, which approximate value of Z would we use? * Z = + 2.00 Feedback Because the normal curve is symmetrical, if the upper tail has 2.5%, then the lower tail also has 2.5% or a total of 5% in the two tails. 100% - 5% = 95% in between the two z-scores on the upper and lower tails. From the Empirical Rule, we know about 95% of the area is between +2 z and -2 z. Thus, the z-score for the upper tail to have 2.5 % beyond must be +2. 10. An entrepreneur has a great idea. She has researched the startup costs and cost of providing the product to potential customers, and she has researched the market and determined the price it will sell for. If the entrepreneur wants to know the minimum capital, she will need to make the business a success , which tool would help with that analysis? * Breakeven Analysis Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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11. A study of income shows that the range of incomes for a population has a wider range as those people increase in age. Which of the following issues is present and what do we do about it? * This shows Autocorrelation and we use ANOVA 12. A company’s sales peak each July . They should correct their Exponential Smoothing forecasts using which of the following: * Seasonality 13.A fast-food company has three products they provide their customers from the same kitchen area. They want to maximize their profts by determining the production mix that best uses their limited numbers of grills and other equipment. Which analysis tool will help them make a great decision? * Linear Programming 14. A company wants to provide a new service. There are three computer companies providing three diferent solutions to enable them to implement the new service . If they want to know which one will be least expensive at the volume of service, they expect to provide each year, which analysis tool will help with this situation? * Crossover Analysis 15. A marketing department wants to know how to group their potential customers so they can deliver tailored messages to each group with the hope they will better receive the message and respond with higher purchases. Which analysis tool will help them create the groups ? * Cluster Analysis Module 4 : 1. __________________is a structured form to collect and record data providing information about the number, time and location of events or problems * Check Sheet 2. __________________is abnormal variation that is not a natural part of the process * Special Cause Variation 3. __________________is a management approach that seeks to maximize customer value while minimizing waste * Lean Systems Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

4. __________________shows the relationship or correlation between variables * Scatter Diagram 5. __________________is the process of selecting participants or gathering data from a population * sampling 6. __________________is a component of business strategy that focuses on product/service quality and the means to achieve it * Quality Management 7. __________________diagram defnes the boundaries of a process and shows how Suppliers, Inputs, Processes, Outputs and Customers interact to produce quality products/services * SIPOC Diagram 8. __________________is a vertical bar chart that shows the distribution of data over time, across groups or categories * Histogram 9. __________________shows how well a result meets a requirement * Attribute Data 10. __________________shows the underlying causes of a problem or event, also known as a fshbone diagram Cause and Efect Diagram 11. __________________relies on statistics and measurement monitor work to analyze process abnormalities and improvements * Statistical Process Control 12. __________________is a histogram, ordered by frequency of occurrence , that shows how many results were generated by each identifed cause * Pareto Chart 13. __________________shows whether a result meets a requirement or not (yes/no, pass/fail) * Attribute Data Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

14. __________________is a graphical representation of the fow of information or product through a process or operation * Flow Chart 15. __________________is a quality program that uses statistical quality control techniques to provide quality outputs at the level of 3.4 defects per million opportunities * Six Sigma Quality Management 1. Principle that lowers cost and shortens cycle times through the efective use of resources. * Process Approach 2. Principle focused on continuous improvement of employee skills and process capabilities. * Continuous Improvement 3. Engaged people at all levels of the organization who are involved in the pursuit of quality that provides benefts to the organization. * Engaged colleagues 4. An organizational focus on satisfying customers . * Focus on Customers 5. An online retailer analyzes packages shipped per day for the past week and uses this to schedule employees in his packing and shipping department. * Fact-based decision making Quality Tools 1. A car manufacturer implements a new employee training program to improve quality and safety . Quality Assurance 2. A hospital analyzes its operating room procedures by looking at supplies, patient preparation, operating processes and patient recovery . SIPOC Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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3. A steel manufacturer implements new processing temperature setting for steel beam to improve tensile strength. PDCA 4. A sugar producer weighs ten bags of sugar out of every batch packaged to ensure packaging quality . Quality Control 5. A hotel chain analyzes its check-in process in an efort to improve customer satisfaction. * Flow Chart 6. A hospital Emergency Room wishes to analyze the patients they treat for fu versus patients who received a fu shot . * Scatter diagram 7. What analysis technique should a call center use to analyze its number calls for each hour of operation ? * Histogram 7. A tool for monitoring unwanted product variation. * Control Chart 9. A regional bank has broadly identifed problems with its current banking software and wishes to now break these problems into specifc details to evaluate potential software packages as a replacement. * Network Diagram Quality Management Methodologies and Programs 2 of 4 points 1. A quality program from the customer's perspective that views anything that does not add to the customer's experience and satisfaction as waste that should be eliminated . * Lean System 2. An Electronics Company produces 92% quality in its Circuits Department, 95% quality in its Assembly Department, and 98% quality in its Finishing Department. What tool should it use to fnd its total system quality? * Reliability Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

3. Program that shows that an organization has a quality management system in place to monitor and control quality issues . * Six Sigma 4. Quality teams that are essentially striving for perfection by applying quality control concepts to improvement of processing quality. * Six Sigma Module 5 1. _______________would be used if we want to measure the proportion of health Incidence rate 2. _______________indicates the percent of the population that falls below a certain value * percentile 3. ________________ for a particular data point, represents the distance from the mean in terms of standard deviations * standard score 4. ________________ is used to determine if three or more sample means are statistically not all equal * Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 5. ________________ is a test that compares an individual to other individuals on the bell-shaped curve * norm-referenced test 6. ________________ compares an individual to certain defned standards * criterion-referenced test 7. ________________ is the score actually achieved by an individual on a test . * Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

observed score 8. ________________ is the average score an individual would achieve if he or she were to take the test infnite times * True score 9. ________________ can eventually be eliminated over time as the number of tests increases (according to Classic Test Theory ) * random measurement error 10. ________________ occurs when something that is entirely unrelated to the test is afecting test scores * systematic measurement error 11. ________________ takes into account that diferent questions may have diferent levels of difculty * Item Response Theory 13. ________________ applies when the same test is given to the same sample on two diferent occasions * test-retest method 14. ________________ applies when two versions of a test are given at the same time to each of half of a sample of students * parallel-forms method 15. ________________ is the study of the results of each individual question on a test * item analysis True false 1. Results-based management is built upon partnership and inclusiveness * True 2. Ethical issues are not a concern with the use of Big Data * Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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False 3. A problem with Big Data is that there's too much of it * True 4. Data mining will often fnd trends , but usually overlooks the underlying causes * True 5. Index numbers typically relate today's prices to those expected in the future * False 6. An index number of 100 indicates that the price or quantity has increased 100 times since the base period * False 7. The Consumer Price Index is the main measure of infation in the U.S. * True 8 . A ratio and a proportion are the same thing * False 9. Prevalence and incidence are the same thing * False 10. An incidence rate would be useful for assessing if a treatment or preventative measure is efective in slowing the spread of a disease * True 11. For a student who scores in the 25th percentile , this means that only 25% scored better than this student * False Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

12. Hilda scored 75 on a test with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 25. On a second test she scored 60 on a test with a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 10. Hilda's Z-score is higher for the frst test. * False 13. Z-scores always have a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1 * True 14. For an ANOVA, the larger the F-ratio , the more likely there is a statistically signifcant diference * True 15. A standard score is a type of norm-referenced measurement * True 16. The fnal exam for this course, in which there is a specifc cut score, is an example of a criterion-referenced test * True 17. True Score Theory assumes that there is no random error * False 18. The GRE and GMAT are examples where Item Response Theory is applied to their tests * True 19. A challenge with determining a reliability index is that it is not possible to obtain true scores * True 20. For a particular test, the students who scored in the top 20% got question #6 correct 80% of the time, while those who scored in the bottom 20% on the text got question #6 correct only 35% of the time. Based on item analysis, question #6 is considered a consistent, good discriminating question. * True Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

21. Cost-beneft analyses in the Public Sector can be quite diferent from cost-beneft analyses in the private sector * True 22. In the Public Sector, revenue generation is more important than the overall beneft to the general welfare of the population * False 23. Municipal governments will often consider the payback period when evaluating a major utility project * True 1. Which of the following is the last step of Results-Based Management? * Impact 2. Which of the following are vital to a Results-Based Management system's success ? * Simplicity, Flexibility, Transparency 3. Which of these takes a life-cycle approach ? * Results Based Management 4. Netfix has an algorithm to come up with recommended movie titles for its subscribers. It does so by making use of… * Big Data 5. Which of these are ways in which Big Data creates value ? * a . it facilitates analytics that can improve management decisions b. makes information transparent and usable at much higher frequency c. it permits the development of more tailored products or services by allowing narrow segmentation of customers d. it helps the development of next generation products and services through data analysis 6. In calculating an index number , the denominator is generally a price from… * a base period Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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7. John creates an aptitude index in which he gives 60% importance to a verbal performance measure and 40% importance to a quantitative performance measure. John should create a… * weighted composite index 9. A gender ratio is…. * the number of males divided by the number of females 10. In a small African town of 1,000 people, a total of 100 people have died of Ebola, and of these 20 have died in the last month. In this case, the prevalence and cumulative incidence of Ebola in this town are… * .10 and .02, respectively 11. Average high school senior math assessment scores difers signifcantly between schools . A college admission ofce wants to understand a student's performance relative to his/her classmates from their particular school. In this case, the most appropriate measure is .... * the student's percentile score for their school 12. Suppose that scores for a particular exam follow a standard normal distribution . Approximately what percent of the scores should fall within +/- 2 standard deviations from the mean? * 95% 13. William scored 30 on a test with a mean of 20 and a standard deviation of 10. On a second test , he scored a 50 on a test with a mean of 35 and a standard deviation of 15 In terms of standard scores… * his standard scores are the same for the two tests 14. Which of the following best represents a null hypothesis from an ANOVA? * Ho: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 15. In the middle of an online exam, the power goes of and only the questions answered to that point are graded. For the resultant exam score, the power going of… * introduced systematic measurement error Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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16. Giving the same test to the same sample at two diferent times would be an example of… * test-retest method 17. True Score Theory states that…. * in a test without systematic error, the observed score is the true score plus random error MODULE 6 1. ______________________are those factors (quality, customer service, efciency, etc .) critical to an organization achieving its goals * Critical success factors 3. ______________________are performance measures that organizations use to quantify their level of success * Performance measures 4. ______________________is a visual representation of multiple KPIs (shown as charts, tables, etc.) * KPI Dashboard 5. ______________________examines an organization's performance through four perspectives * Balanced Scorecard (BSC ) 6. ______________________quantifes the strength of a company's customer relations * Net Promoter Score True or false 1. In business, performance measures always involve fnancial measures * False 2. Management compensation or bonuses are often tied to improvement in KPIs * Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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True 3. A disadvantage of KPIs is that they are only used by upper management * False 4. KPIs can provide a directional read of performance, but changes in KPIs cannot be statistically assessed * False 5. A successful Balanced Scorecard should refect the company's strategy * True 6. In the use of a Balanced Scorecard… Variance = actual performance - target performance * True 7. Overall satisfaction ratings are used in deriving a Net Promoter Score * False 8. It is possible for a company to have a negative Net Promoter Score * True 9. Performance assessment should be linked to a company's strategy * True Multiple choice 1. Which of the following are possible critical success factors for a company? * meeting proft goals increasing customer base product/service innovation developing employee skills 2. KPIs often follow SMART criteria . Which 3 of the following are part of SMART criteria? * time-bound, measurable , attainable Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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3. Which 3 of the following are part of the Balanced Scorecard four perspectives ? * Learning & Growth 4, Most companies have a Net Promoter Score between … * 20 - 30 Analytics 1. A manufacturer wants to maximize their factory output while specifcally minimizing labor costs. What type of analytics might they employ to achieve this goal? Prescriptive Analytics 1. What type of data error that occurs in measurement is constant within a data set and is sometimes caused by faulty equipment or bias Systematic 2. An Educator develops a new standardized test to measure math skills of ninth graders. She has students in her home state of Ohio take the test. If the test is to be used on a national level, what type of error might be found in her data? Measurement Bias 3. A city government is trying to determine the national origins of its recent immigrant population. If a survey of the immigrant population is conducted in English what type of error might be present in the data ? Accuracy 4. The use of Big Data is increasingly important to businesses in competitive markets. Which of the following characteristics is not true of big data? Can be analyzed with traditional spreadsheets 5. The Davenport-Kim three-stage model consists of framing the problem, solving the problem, and communicating results. Which two of the following are part of framing the problem stage ? Determine the scope of the problem Review of previous fndings Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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6. A healthcare provider is researching blood glucose levels before and after exercising. What two elements should be part of any experimental study such as this? Treatment procedures, Experimental response 7. Runners cover 26.2 miles in the Olympics marathon. What level of measurement is this? Ratio 8. What level of measurement is the type of cars produced in Ford factory? Nominal 10. What level of measurement is this the 10 best cities in the U.S. to retire in? Ordinal 11. What level of measurement are women’s dress sizes (2,4,6, etc.)? Interval 12. A local school board is studying the impact of a proposed change in testing on math scores. Bias can be introduced into the study by both students and teachers . Which research technique would eliminate this type of bias? Double blind study 13. A Company’s product development team test 3 new car waxes by waxing 5 cars with each wax and then running them through a car wash. They then record number of washes it takes before the wax begins to deteriorate . What is the term for the fve cars? Experimental unit 14. An online retailer selling workout apparel has a large increase in sales during December and declares that their weekly newspaper ad resulted in higher sales . What misuse of statistics may the retailer have used in making this decision? Association and Causation 13. An educator collects eighth grade math scores from a local school and used this data to recommend curriculum changes for grades 8 – 12. What misuse of statistics may the educator have used in making this recommendation ? Not a representative sample Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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14. An economist wishes to study the distribution of household income in a Midwestern city. He randomly selects a sample from 12 households. He notices two large incomes in his sample. Which measure best represents the middle of the incomes? Median 15. A cable company ofers its customers both cable television and internet. What statistical rule should be used to determine the probability that customers will have both cable television and internet? Multiplication 16. A department store is considering a new credit policy to reduce defaults on payments. Its records show that 95% of defaults have at least 2 late payments. Also, 3% of all customers default and 30% of those customers who have not defaulted have a least 2 late payments. What statistical rule should be used to fnd the probability that a customer will default given that at least 2 payments were late? Bayes Theorem 17. Based on quality checks at plastic bags manufacturer, the breaking strength of their bags has a mean of 50.5 and a standard deviation of 1.6. A customer’s test of the bags fnds bag strength of 54.2 or less. Which statistical measure should be used to help determine the probability of the customer’s test occurring ? z-score 18. The mean of 100 bank customers’ waiting times for teller service is 5.8 minutes with a standard deviation of 1.5. What time range would represent a 95.4% probability customer waiting time? 2.8 to 8.8 19. The revenue of NBA teams ranges from $226 million for the New York Knicks to $92 million for the Milwaukee Bucks. Which statistic would measure how far each NBA team’s revenue is from the NBA revenue mean? Variance and Feedback To know each team's diference from the mean as one number is the variance. To know one team compared to the average of all teams is the z-score. All from the average = variance. One from the average = z-score. Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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20. A local plumbing company is analyzing to see how the number weeks taken for their payment receipts is distributed . Which graphical analysis technique should they use? Histogram 21. Given the following data set: 60, 41, 30, 15, 34, 30 What is the Median? 32 22. A loan ofcer compares the interest rates for 48 month fxed-rate loans and 48 month variable-rate auto loans. Two independent , random samples of auto loans are selected. Which two results happen when the null hypothesis is rejected using a t-test? The null hypothesis is rejected given a probability of being wrong The test statistic is greater than the critical value 23. An online marketing organization designed a social media that wants to earn at least $250,000 in revenue. The campaign will reach 10,000 viewers and receive orders with a mean of $50 and standard deviation of $10. Which measure should be used to determine the probability of the campaign receiving at least $250,000? Z-score 24. What does it mean when an individual data point has a z-score of +1 ? The data point is one standard deviation greater than the mean of the data set. 25. A descriptive graph depicting whether there is a correlation or relationship between two variables , such as car mileage and resale price would be: Pareto chart 26. A food chain fnds that there is a strong positive correlation between average daily sales for their pizza store and the number of daily visits to their website. What should be considered before the pizza chain can conclude that the daily sales are driving the number of visits to their website (or vice versa)? I s there a causal relationship between sales and site visits? Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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27. We examine a population with normal distribution having mean of 1000 and standard deviation 50. What percentage of the population lies between 850 and 1150? 100% 28. We examine a population with normal distribution having mean 1000 and standard deviation 50. What percentage of the population lies between 900 and 1100? 95% 29. How are z-scores from a population with normal distribution distributed? Normal Distribution with mean 0 standard deviation 1 30. A stockbroker ofers two portfolios for his clients. There are various risks with each portfolio and his is trying to minimize the risk of loss. Both portfolios have the same mean return . Which measure should the employee use to decide between these alternatives? Variance 31. A comparison between the efectiveness of online vs. newspaper coupons was conducted over a 3 month period to see which method brought in greater average revenue per customer. Which statistic should the pizza manager recommend use to determine promotional method to use? T-test Z9T= T = TWO) 32. You are on soccer league with a total of 10 opposing teams, the pairings in the frst round are at random. There are 4 out of state and 6 in-state opposing teams. What is the probability of playing against an in-state team? 60 33. Which type of distribution would you expect to see if mean=mode=median ? Normal distribution 34. Two variables are plotted on a scatterplot and the points on the plot closely follow an upward, straight line. What is the likely correlation between the two variables? Close to 1.0 Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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35. Which of the following statistics are robust to minimize the efect of a single large outlier ? (More than one answer) Interquartile range, Median, Mode 36. What result do business quality teams expect when using quality tools? Minimize errors through collection and analysis of data 37. A local restaurant is attempting to reduce the time from taking a customer’s order to delivery of the order. Which quality tool should the restaurant use to study their order process ? Flow Chart 38. Which type of quality activity would assess capabilities and recommend process design changes as preventive action ? Quality assurance activity 39. Which of the Seven Basic Quality Tools is used to exhibit the relationship between two variables? Scatter Diagram 40. Which quality tool is an organized method for collecting data? Check Sheet 41. After collecting data and performing statistical analysis in a company’s assembly department, a quality team recommends processing changes to reduce defects. The team proposes a pilot program to evaluate the efectiveness of their recommendations. Which step of the Plan-Do- Check-Act model does the pilot program represent? Do 42. Which two statements describe how a process approach and a commitment to continuous improvement enhance quality ? Efciently achieving results Creates the best possible product 43. Which statement is not true of the Seven Basic Tools of Quality? The tools are based on statistics 44. A maker of computer chips develops a new training program to assure that quality standards are met. Which of the following activities is the training program an example of? Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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Quality assurance activity 44. A recent poll of 519 adults who few in the past year found they ranked the following as their number 1 complaint: cramped seats (45), cost (16), fear of fying (57), security measures (119), poor service (12), connecting fight problems (8), overcrowded planes (42), late planes (57), food (7), and other (51). Which technique would be used display a ranking of the complaints? Pareto chart 45. A craftsman builds two kinds of birdhouses. One for bluebirds and one for cardinals. He knows the amount of labor and the units of lumber that are needed for each birdhouse. The craftsman has available 60 hours of labor and 120 units of lumber. Which technique should the craftsman use to minimize cost? Linear Programming 46. Ski Boards, Inc. wants to enter the market quickly with a new fnish on its ski boards. It has three choices: refurbish the old equipment, make major modifcations, or purchase new equipment. The company has estimated the fxed and variable cost for each option . Which technique should they use to select the least costly option? Cross Over 47. Which analysis technique can be used with hypothesis testing when nominal or categorical data is gathered ? Chi-square 48. United Motors indicates that gas mileage tests of one of their cars, the Star bird 300, under city driving conditions has a mean of 29.9 mph and a mode of 30 mph. Which type of distribution would this testing represent? Normal distribution 49. North American Oil Company is attempting to develop a reasonably priced gasoline that will deliver improved gasoline mileage. As part of its development process, the company would like to compare the efects of three types of gasoline. Which analysis technique should the company use to compare the performances of each gasoline type? ANOVA 50. Enterprise Industries produces Fresh, a brand of liquid laundry detergent. In order to study the relationship between price and demand for the large bottle of Fresh, the company develops the following relationship: Demand = 600 + 50X. What price is needed to produce a demand of 1000? $8 Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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51. A large manufacturer wants to forecast demand for a piece of pollution- control equipment. A review of the past 12 months of sales indicates that sales are increasing. What time series pattern does the sales likely exhibit ? Trend 52. A car dealership wishes to forecast car sales based upon price discounts and television ads. What forecasting technique should the dealership use? Multiple Regression Analysis 53. Refers to a situation in which two or more explanatory or independent variables in a multiple regression model are highly linearly related. Multicollinearity 55. A business entrepreneur wishes to predict yearly revenue for potential Sub Restaurant sites. He performs a regression analysis based upon the area’s population and business rating. What statistic indicates the strength of the relationship of population and rating to revenue? R – square 56. A researcher is evaluating voter turnout based upon age and location of voting precincts . Which analysis technique should she use? Cluster Analysis 57. An entrepreneur is thinking about starting an independent gasoline station and considering how large the station should be. The annual return will depend upon the size of station and a number of marketing factors related to the oil industry and demand for gasoline. What analysis technique should be used to evaluate station size given the uncertainty of oil industry and demand factors? Decision Analysis 58. A Boston Hallmark store is preparing a budget for the next year and needs to forecast sales. The store notices variation in sales around holidays. What pattern describes the data to be forecasted? Seasonality 12. ________________ measures how well a person's observed score on a test represents that person's true score * Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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0/1 1. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 2. criterion-referenced test 3. incidence rate 4. item analysis 5. Item Response Theory 6. norm-referenced test 7. observed score 8. parallel-forms method 9. percentile 10. random measurement error 11. reliability index 12. standard score 13. systematic measurement error 14. test-retest method 15. true score 1. ________________________entail data collection and analytics to evaluate the efciency of an individual, group, or organization * 0/1 1. Balanced Scorecard (BSC) 2. Critical success factors 3. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) 4. KPI Dashboard 5. Net Promoter Score 6. Performance measures 5. Promoters, of a Net Promoter Score, are those who provide a rating of… * Downloaded by Testing Improvements (testimprovements@gmail.com) lOMoARcPSD|8741209

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