Lab 4 PHY105M (1)
.pdf
keyboard_arrow_up
School
University of Texas *
*We aren’t endorsed by this school
Course
105M
Subject
Chemistry
Date
Apr 29, 2024
Type
Pages
5
Uploaded by valeriemndz04
Introduction:
This week our objective was to examine the elastic properties of a chosen extensible material to
determine whether Hooke’s law applied. For this experiment, we opted to investigate the
behavior of a rubber band that was provided in the lab. To investigate the mechanical properties
of a band under varying loads, we utilized a meter stick to measure the amount of stretch in
meters. The experiment involved applying masses of weights 1 kg, 0.7 kg, 0.5 kg, 1.7 kg, and
1.2 kg to the band. We aimed to determine the spring constant, k, in the equation F=-kx, where
F represents force in newtons and x denotes the displacement in meters.
The uncertainty that was noted for force due to the multiplication of mass and gravity was +/-
.0098N and the uncertainty for the displacement based on the use of the meter stick was +/-
.0005m. To determine k, we first calculated the force exerted by each mass using the formula
F=mg, where m is the mass and g is the acceleration due to gravity that is 9.8 m/s ^2. Then, we
divided the force by the change in length of the band when it stretched, yielding the spring
constant k in newtons/meter. We also calculated the uncertainty propagation as there are
uncertainties in both force and displacement which contribute to the uncertainty of k.
Subsequently, we plotted the data obtained from the experiment into two different graphs of k
vs.x and f vs. x.
The resultant graphs allowed us to observe the relationship between force and displacement
and verify if it followed a linear trend as described by Hooke's Law. Despite the diverse range of
masses utilized, our hypothesis was that the relationship between force and displacement would
maintain a linear trend, consistent with Hooke's law. However, it's important to note that the
uncertainty in our experiment primarily stems from measurement errors in determining both the
masses and the corresponding displacements of the rubber band..
Conducting Your Experiment:
ΔF (N)
Δx (m)
k
𝑖
K
δ
𝑖
9.8 +/- 0.0098N
0.035 +/- 0.0005m
280 +/- 4.01N/m
4.01
6.86 +/- 0.0098N
0.19 +/- 0.0005m
361.05 +/- 9.52 N/m
9.52
4.9+/- 0.0098N
0.01+/- 0.0005m
490 +/- 24.52N/m
24.52
11.76+/- 0.0098N
0.048 +/- 0.0005m
245 +/- 2.56 N/m
2.56
16.66+/- 0.0098N
0.0705 +/- 0.0005m
236.3 +/- 1.68 N/m
1.68
Note:
We used 5 different masses to determine the linearity of the rubber band with force in N,
displacement in m, and the spring constant in N/m.
Conclusion:
Upon analysis of the force versus displacement plot, it was evident that Hooke's law
applied consistently across the entire range of forces tested. Additionally, the plot exhibited a
linear relationship between force and displacement, further confirming the validity of Hooke's
law within the tested regime. This outcome aligns with our hypothesis that the behavior of the
rubber band would adhere to a Hookean regime, thereby failing to reject our initial prediction.
However, the experiment could be enhanced in future iterations by implementing more precise
measurements of force and displacement, as well as considering environmental factors that
may influence the material's behavior. Additionally, upon examination of the k versus
displacement graph, a downward slope was observed. This suggests that as the rubber band
stretches further, it may be experiencing a decrease in stiffness or an increase in elasticity,
possibly due to material fatigue. Though we viewed a linear regime as plotted in the scatterplot
of f vs. x, the uncertainties in the spring constant ki varied, ranging from approximately
+/-4.01N/m to +/-24.52 N/m. This variation of uncertainties for the spring constant can be
attributed to the uncertainties of both force and displacement, which is why the uncertainty
propagation formula was used as they affect the determination of k. Reducing these
uncertainties through improved measurement techniques or instrumentation could lead to even
clearer validation of Hooke's law within the tested masses. Alternative ranges that could be
explored could be higher ranges in the 2,000 kg range, and a possibility of improvement could
be using a different measuring device instead of a meter stick as well as using a different
material that could possibly stretch more as ours was very sturdy.
Part 2:
Introduction:
In the initial phase of the experiment, we successfully validated Hooke’s law
across the entire range of forces applied to the rubber band. Considering this, we sought to
explore a different range of forces in search of potential non-linear behavior, indicating a
deviation from Hooke's law. For this purpose, we utilized masses of 0.4 kg, 1.9 kg, 2.5 kg, 3.0
kg, and 3.4 kg, extending our investigation beyond the previous range. Following the
established methodology from the first part, we employed a meter stick to measure the stretch in
meters as we applied the varied masses to the rubber band. Our objective remained to
determine the elastic properties of our material and we first had to find the spring constant, k, in
the equation F=−kx, where F represents force in newtons and x signifies displacement in
meters.
The uncertainties for Force and displacement were +/-.0098N and +/- .0005m as we used the
meterstick to determine the length the rubber band stretched. To derive k, we utilized the
formula F=mg to calculate the force exerted by each mass, where m represents the mass in kg
and g denotes the acceleration due to gravity which is approximately 9.8 m/s^2. We made use
of the uncertainty propagation equation as there is an effect on the value of k based on the
uncertainties of force and displacement. Subsequently, we determined k by dividing the force by
the change in length of the rubber band during stretching, or displacement. Following the data
collection, we plotted the force that we obtained from multiplying the mass and gravity, against
the corresponding displacement of the rubber band.
This plotting enabled us to observe the relationship between force and displacement, allowing
for the identification of any potential non-linear trends in the elastic response of the rubber band.
We anticipate that as the applied forces increase within this extended range, the relationship
between force and displacement will maintain linearity, following the principles outlined by
Hooke's law. It's essential to note that the primary source of uncertainty in our experiment stems
from measurement errors in determining both the masses and the corresponding displacements
of the rubber band.
Conducting Your Experiment:
ΔF (N)
Δx (m)
k
𝑖
k
δ
𝑖
3.92 +/- 0.0098 N
0.08 +/- 0.0005m
490 +/-30.65 N/m
30.65
18.62 +/- 0.0098 N
0.079 +/- 0.0005m
235.7 +/-1.5 N/m
1.5
24.5 +/- 0.0098 N
0.087 +/- 0.0005m
281.01 +/- 1.62 N/m
1.62
Your preview ends here
Eager to read complete document? Join bartleby learn and gain access to the full version
- Access to all documents
- Unlimited textbook solutions
- 24/7 expert homework help
Related Questions
Match the definition in column A with the correct terms in Column B.
arrow_forward
Recently a team from Clarkson University discovered a porous solid called NU-1000, constructed from Zr, C, O, and H, excels at removing poly- and perfluoroalkyl species (aka PFAS) from water. The density of this material is 0.486 g/cm³ and its surface area is 2255 m²/g. If 50.0 g of this material is placed in water, calculate the total area (in cm²) of this sample. DONT GIVE ANY TYPE OF IMAGE IN ANSWER
OTHERWISE I WILL GIVE INCORRECT ANSWER
DON'T GIVE HANDWRITTEN SOLUTION
arrow_forward
Which of the following methods is used to determine "dissolved metals" in a water
sample?
O Digest the water sample and measure the metals in the digest
Filter the water sample and measure the metals in the filtrate
Filter the water sample and measure the metals in the particles in the filter
Digest the water sample, filter the digest, then measure the metals in the filtrate
arrow_forward
None
arrow_forward
Which materials are best suited for discharging excess static charge on your clothing during
winter, Conductors or insulators?
arrow_forward
Porosity is a measure of the void or empty spaces in a material and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume. The density of the solid material used to create 7 pieces of 0.97 cm diameter and 1.14 cm height cylindrical beads is determined to be 1.63 g/mL. These beads were then placed in a flask and was filled to the 40 mL mark with a salt solution. The total weight measured of the beads and the salt solution was 46.86 g. Upon further inspection, it was found that manufacturing defects caused the measured porosity of the beads to be at 32%. Assuming that the solution was able to fully fill the empty spaces inside the beads, calculate the density of the salt solution.
Show your solutions in the next item
Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
arrow_forward
The masses of benzene and an unknown liquid droplets falling off from the same stalagmometer at 20 ° C were measured as 0.052 g and 0.042 g, respectively. Since the surface tension of benzene at the test temperature is 28.9 dyn / cm, find the surface tension of the other liquid at the same temperature.
arrow_forward
2. If an object has a low specific heat, would it be more like a conductor or an insulator? Explain.
arrow_forward
Questions 4-10, Thanks.
arrow_forward
Sublimation is preferred over recrystallization when you work with an amount of solid material to be
purified that weighs:
A) at least 1 kg
B) about 100 mg
C) about 1 mol
D) about 1000 ml
A
OD
arrow_forward
2. The goal behind suction filtration is to remove soluble impurities that are on the
surface of the crystals. Therefore, why can't you simply use suction filtration
instead of recrystallization to purify an impure solid?
arrow_forward
Weigh out accurately 9.99 g of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) by taring using a clean and dry empty 250-ml beaker.
2. Add tap water to the beaker to reach the 50-mL mark on the side of the beaker.
3. Dissolve all the crystals of CuSO4·5H2O in the water using a clean glass rod for stirring.
4. Then using a glass funnel transfer all the blue solution to a 100-mL volumetric flask. Rinse the
beaker with about 10 mL of water and transfer the solution to the volumetric flask. Repeat the rinsing of the beaker with another 10 mL of water and transfer the solution to the volumetric flask. This is called quantitative transfer of the solution.
5. Then add enough water to reach the calibration mark of the volumetric flask. (You will need to use a dropper to add the last few drops of water to ensure the meniscus is on the calibration mark). Close the volumetric flask with a stopper and mix the solution well (so that it is homogeneous).
6. You have now prepared a standard solution (or…
arrow_forward
The time for water to flow through an Ostwald pipet at 20°C was 298.8 seconds. The density of water at 20°C is 0.9982 and the density of a sample of olive oil is 0.910 g/cm3. The viscosity of water at 20°C is 1.002 cp and the viscosity of the olive oil is 84 cp. How long will it take for the olive oil to flow through the same pipet at 20°C?
arrow_forward
What is formed when gas is enclosed in a chamber then liquified under very high pressure? *
What latent heat value signifies the lost of heat during a phase change?
What is the unique temperature and pressure at which the three phases of a substance are in equilibrium with each other? *
Which liquid crystal is of pharmaceutical significance? *
arrow_forward
3. Is solid > liquid → gas an endothermic or exothermic process? Describe how this energy change
affects the energy of the molecules and their intermolecular forces.
arrow_forward
Which method would you use to determine water content in packaging material, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics? Mention few advantages of this method.
arrow_forward
Porosity is a measure of the void or empty spaces in a
material and is a fraction of the volume of voids over
the total volume. The density of the solid material
used to create 13 pieces of 0.6 cm diameter and 0.67
cm height cylindrical beads is determined to be 1.53
g/mL. These beads were then placed in a flask and was
filled to the 42 mL mark with a salt solution. The total
weight measured of the beads and the salt solution
was 51.68 g. Upon further inspection, it was found that
manufacturing defects caused the measured porosity
of the beads to be at 21%. Assuming that the solution
was able to fully fill the empty spaces inside the beads,
calculate the density of the salt solution.
Show your solutions in the next item
Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
Add your answer
arrow_forward
Analyze the given problem and show your complete and detailed solution. Use 2 decimal places.
The radius of the oxygen anion (O“) at 140 pm (larger than the neutral atom, 66 pm). On the other hand, the magnesium atom loses 95 ppm from its 160 ppm radius when it loses two valence electrons, forming the magnesium ion. If the attractive force of the magnesium and oxygen ions is 21.93nanoNewtons. What is their repulsive force in nanoNewtons?
arrow_forward
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force for the system of forces shown in
the figure. Where F1 =20 N, F2 =5N, F3 =30 N, F4 =10N, F5 = 60N & F6 =70N. The
angles 02 =15º, 03 =20° , 04 = 20°, 06 = 30 °
(ENTER ONLY THE VALUES IN THE BOXES BY REFERRING THE UNIT GIVEN IN BRACKET.
ALSO UPLOAD YOUR HANDWRITTEN ANSWERS IN THE LINK PROVIDED)
F2
F3
F4
F1
AF6
F5
(1) The horizontal component 2H of the given system (unit is in N) =
(2) The horizontal component ZV of the given system (unit is in N) =
(3) The resultant of the given force system is (unit in N) =
(4) The direction of Resultant is =
arrow_forward
2. Explain how suction filtration is carried out in the laboratory. Give the
important points that must be observed in doing the process.
arrow_forward
Help with bottom
arrow_forward
Balance each of the following equations.
Na(s)+Cl2(g)→NaCl(s)
Mn(s)+O2(g)→Mn2O3(s)
ZnO(s)⟶ΔZn(l)+O2(g)
Express your answer as a chemical equation. Identify all of the phases in your answer
arrow_forward
rosity is a measure of the void or empty spaces in a material and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume. The density of the solid material used to create 7 pieces of 0.97 cm diameter and 1.14 cm height cylindrical beads is determined to be 1.63 g/mL. These beads were then placed in a flask and was filled to the 40 mL mark with a salt solution. The total weight measured of the beads and the salt solution was 46.86 g. Upon further inspection, it was found that manufacturing defects caused the measured porosity of the beads to be at 32%. Assuming that the solution was able to fully fill the empty spaces inside the beads, calculate the density of the salt solution. Show your solutions in the next item Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
Question
Porosity is a measure of the void or empty spaces in a material and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume. The density of the solid material used to create 7 pieces of 0.97 cm diameter…
arrow_forward
ay...
Q Search
Layout
Open in Desktop App
Search
D
Fody) v 16
B IU
ev Av
ニ三
...
2. A shiny solid conducts electricity as a solid but does not dissolve
at all in water. It is bendable. What is it? (Metallic, ionic,
molecular solid, or network solid)
arrow_forward
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
Recommended textbooks for you
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337399074
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133949640
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: The Molecular Science
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199047
Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry for Engineering Students
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199023
Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom Holme
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Matter and Change
Chemistry
ISBN:9780078746376
Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom
Publisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co
Chemical Principles in the Laboratory
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305264434
Author:Emil Slowinski, Wayne C. Wolsey, Robert Rossi
Publisher:Brooks Cole
Related Questions
- Match the definition in column A with the correct terms in Column B.arrow_forwardRecently a team from Clarkson University discovered a porous solid called NU-1000, constructed from Zr, C, O, and H, excels at removing poly- and perfluoroalkyl species (aka PFAS) from water. The density of this material is 0.486 g/cm³ and its surface area is 2255 m²/g. If 50.0 g of this material is placed in water, calculate the total area (in cm²) of this sample. DONT GIVE ANY TYPE OF IMAGE IN ANSWER OTHERWISE I WILL GIVE INCORRECT ANSWER DON'T GIVE HANDWRITTEN SOLUTIONarrow_forwardWhich of the following methods is used to determine "dissolved metals" in a water sample? O Digest the water sample and measure the metals in the digest Filter the water sample and measure the metals in the filtrate Filter the water sample and measure the metals in the particles in the filter Digest the water sample, filter the digest, then measure the metals in the filtratearrow_forward
- Nonearrow_forwardWhich materials are best suited for discharging excess static charge on your clothing during winter, Conductors or insulators?arrow_forwardPorosity is a measure of the void or empty spaces in a material and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume. The density of the solid material used to create 7 pieces of 0.97 cm diameter and 1.14 cm height cylindrical beads is determined to be 1.63 g/mL. These beads were then placed in a flask and was filled to the 40 mL mark with a salt solution. The total weight measured of the beads and the salt solution was 46.86 g. Upon further inspection, it was found that manufacturing defects caused the measured porosity of the beads to be at 32%. Assuming that the solution was able to fully fill the empty spaces inside the beads, calculate the density of the salt solution. Show your solutions in the next item Round your answer to 2 decimal places.arrow_forward
- The masses of benzene and an unknown liquid droplets falling off from the same stalagmometer at 20 ° C were measured as 0.052 g and 0.042 g, respectively. Since the surface tension of benzene at the test temperature is 28.9 dyn / cm, find the surface tension of the other liquid at the same temperature.arrow_forward2. If an object has a low specific heat, would it be more like a conductor or an insulator? Explain.arrow_forwardQuestions 4-10, Thanks.arrow_forward
- Sublimation is preferred over recrystallization when you work with an amount of solid material to be purified that weighs: A) at least 1 kg B) about 100 mg C) about 1 mol D) about 1000 ml A ODarrow_forward2. The goal behind suction filtration is to remove soluble impurities that are on the surface of the crystals. Therefore, why can't you simply use suction filtration instead of recrystallization to purify an impure solid?arrow_forwardWeigh out accurately 9.99 g of copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O) by taring using a clean and dry empty 250-ml beaker. 2. Add tap water to the beaker to reach the 50-mL mark on the side of the beaker. 3. Dissolve all the crystals of CuSO4·5H2O in the water using a clean glass rod for stirring. 4. Then using a glass funnel transfer all the blue solution to a 100-mL volumetric flask. Rinse the beaker with about 10 mL of water and transfer the solution to the volumetric flask. Repeat the rinsing of the beaker with another 10 mL of water and transfer the solution to the volumetric flask. This is called quantitative transfer of the solution. 5. Then add enough water to reach the calibration mark of the volumetric flask. (You will need to use a dropper to add the last few drops of water to ensure the meniscus is on the calibration mark). Close the volumetric flask with a stopper and mix the solution well (so that it is homogeneous). 6. You have now prepared a standard solution (or…arrow_forward
arrow_back_ios
SEE MORE QUESTIONS
arrow_forward_ios
Recommended textbooks for you
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry for Engineering StudentsChemistryISBN:9781285199023Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom HolmePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry: Matter and ChangeChemistryISBN:9780078746376Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl WistromPublisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub CoChemical Principles in the LaboratoryChemistryISBN:9781305264434Author:Emil Slowinski, Wayne C. Wolsey, Robert RossiPublisher:Brooks Cole
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337399074
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133949640
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: The Molecular Science
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199047
Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. Stanitski
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry for Engineering Students
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285199023
Author:Lawrence S. Brown, Tom Holme
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Chemistry: Matter and Change
Chemistry
ISBN:9780078746376
Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom
Publisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co
Chemical Principles in the Laboratory
Chemistry
ISBN:9781305264434
Author:Emil Slowinski, Wayne C. Wolsey, Robert Rossi
Publisher:Brooks Cole