Nuclear Chemistry Workshop Activity - Nov 21st_22nd (Workshop 12)

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Nuclear Chemistry Workshop Activity - Nov 21st/22nd (Workshop 12) Due: 12:00am on Monday, December 12, 2022 You will receive no credit for items you complete after the assignment is due. Grading Policy Animation—Separation of Alpha (α), Beta (β), and Gamma (γ) Rays Learning Goal: To study the separation of , , and rays and their properties. Certain heavy nuclei are naturally unstable and spontaneously decompose, emitting , , and ray radiation. This phenomenon is known as radioactivity . Under the influence of an electric field, these radioactive beam components can be separated and their properties can be studied. Watch the animation and study the separation of , , and rays. In the video you can watch the separation of a single radioactive beam into three different components when an electric field is applied to it. Part A - Determining the charges on alpha (α), beta (β), and gamma (γ) rays In the absence of an electric field, a radioactive beam strikes a fluorescent screen at a single point. When an electric field is applied, the radioactive beam is separated into three different components. One of the components is deflected toward the positive electrode because it is negatively charged, one of the components is deflected toward the negative electrode because it is positively charged, and one component is not deflected in any direction; instead, it moves along a straight path. Identify the charges possessed by the different components of the radioactive beam by observing their behavior under the influence of an electric field. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. Hint 1. The relationship between charge and the direction of deflection The radioactive beam travels in a straight line when it is not under the influence of an electric field. When an electric field is applied, the single radioactivity beam is separated into three components. One part of the beam is attracted to the positive electrode. This indicates that it carries a negative charge. The part of beam that is attracted to the negative electrode carries a positive charge, and the part of the beam that is not deflected is neutral, meaning it carries no charge. Observe the animation to study the behavior of the different components under the influence of an electric field. Hint 2. Identify the direction of the deflection Classify the components of the radioactive beam according to their response to the electric field. Note that the symbol “ ” denotes alpha, “ ” denotes beta, and “ ” denotes gamma rays. Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. ANSWER:

ANSWER: Correct Under the influence of an electric field, rays get deflected toward the negative electrode, indicating that they carry a positive charge. rays get deflected toward the positive electrode, indicating that they are negatively charged. rays take a straight pathway, which shows that they are neutral. rays are deflected to a lesser extent than rays, indicating that rays have a higher mass. Part B - Rank the components of a radioactive beam according to their penetrating power and rays consist of particles, whereas rays are high-energy radiation and contain no particles and thus they have no mass. Given that the penetrating power decreases with mass, rank the rays according to their penetrating power. Rank the components from strongest penetrating power to weakest penetrating power. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. Reset Help Reset Help rays rays rays rays rays rays Deflected toward the positive electrode Remains undefected Deflected toward the negative electrode Negatively charged Neutral Positively charged

Hint 1. Rank the components according to their mass A particle with greater mass will be deflected less. Watch the animation to rank alpha ( ), beta ( ), and gamma ( ) rays according to their masses. Rank from highest to lowest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER: ANSWER: Correct Part C - Characteristics of α, β, and γ rays Given below are statements that summarize the characteristics of , , and rays. Identify the characteristics that correspond to each type of radiation. Reset Help The correct ranking cannot be determined. Reset Help The correct ranking cannot be determined. rays rays rays rays rays rays Lowest Highest Weakest Strongest

Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins. Hint 1. Rank the components according to their mass A particle with greater mass will be deflected less. Watch the animation to rank alpha ( ), beta ( ), and gamma ( ) rays according to their masses. Rank from highest to lowest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER: Hint 2. Identify what \rm _{2}^{4}He corresponds to The symbol represents ______. ANSWER: Hint 3. Identify what \rm _{-1}^{~~0}e corresponds to The symbol represents ______. ANSWER: Reset Help The correct ranking cannot be determined. an electron a helium nuclei a proton a photon a hydrogen nuclei an electron a proton a photon a hydrogen nuclei a helium nuclei rays rays rays Lowest Highest

ANSWER: All attempts used; correct answer displayed The three main components of a radioactive beam are , , and rays. Of these components, rays contain positively charged particles known as particles, rays contain negatively charged particles known as particles, and rays are electromagnetic radiation. Experimental evidence has shown that rays are helium nuclei, which are represented as , that rays are high-energy electrons, represented as , and that rays are photons with very high energy and no mass. rays are the most massive among the three. It is evident from the sizes of the components that rays have the lowest penetrating power and that rays possess the highest penetrating power. These characteristics are useful in studying radioactivity phenomena. In the process of natural radioactivity, , , or radiation are spontaneously emitted. The process can be called decay, decay, or decay, depending upon the type of emission involved. Balancing Nuclear Equations Balancing nuclear equations is slightly different than balancing chemical equations. The major difference is that in nuclear reactions we must account for protons, neutrons, and electrons, as well as write out the symbols for various chemical elements. In a nuclear equation, the products and reactants are symbolized as where is the chemical symbol for the element, is the mass number, and is the atomic number. There are two main rules to remember when balancing nuclear equations: 1. The total of the superscripts (mass numbers, ) in the reactants and products must be the same. 2. The total of the subscripts (atomic numbers, ) in the reactants and products must be the same Part A What is the value of in the following nuclear reaction? Express your answer as an integer. Hint 1. How to approach the problem Use rule 1: The total of the superscripts (mass numbers, ) in the reactants and products must be the same. Mathematically, this can be written as ANSWER: Reset Help It is symbolized as . It is the most massive of all the components. It has the weakest penetrating power. It is a high-speed electron. It is symbolized as . It has the strongest penetrating power. It possesses neither mass nor charge. rays rays rays

Correct Part B What is the value of in the following nuclear reaction? Express your answer as an integer. Hint 1. How to approach the problem Use rule 2: The total of the subscripts (atomic numbers, ) in the reactants and products must be the same. Mathematically, this can be written as ANSWER: Correct Part C What chemical symbol should be used for in the following nuclear reaction? Enter the chemical symbol of the element. Hint 1. How to approach the problem Use the atomic number, , and the periodic table to identify the element. For example, the element with is carbon. For this problem you are looking for the element with . ANSWER: Correct The complete designation for the product, an alpha particle, is . An alternate designation frequently used is or simply . Chapter 21 Algorithmic Question 2 Part A During which type of radioactive decay is the mass of the emitted particle the smallest ? ANSWER: 4 2 He

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