A & P IV Week 1 Lab

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Chamberlain University College of Nursing *

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Chemistry

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Feb 20, 2024

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BIOS256 OL, Week 1 Lab Name: OL Lab 1: Carbohydrates: The sugars that feed us Learning Objectives :  Understand the molecular structure of sugars and polysaccharides  Understand digestion and appreciate the complexity of the human body  Experiment with different foods and measure their impact on the blood sugar level Since carbohydrates are the preferred source of energy, these are an essential part of our diet. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of both soluble and insoluble carbohydrates. The insoluble part is known as fiber, which is mostly cellulose. In this simulation, you will learn how carbohydrates are digested and learn how different food types affect blood glucose levels in a virtual test subject. An in-lab molecule visualizer will help you to study the chemical structure of sugars and learn the basics of molecule structures and chemical formulas. You will perform a real experiment to understand the action of amylase on starch. Will you be able to use the data from the simulation to figure out how foods can affect blood sugar levels in the body? Part 1: Complete Labster- Carbohydrates: The sugars that feed us Part 2: Report and Reflection Purpose: Describe in your own words and in complete sentences, the purpose of this experiment. Observations: List 2 observations you have made in this simulation. Two observations from this simulation are: 1) Fat takes longer to digestive and slows the absorption of sugars. 2) Sugars have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of functional groups. This is how you tell them apart. Answer all the questions below: 1. Why should complex carbohydrates be broken down? (1 point)

BIOS256 OL, Week 1 Lab Name: Complex carbohydrates have longer chains of sugar molecules and therefore take longer for the body to break down. So complex carbohydrates should be broken down into simple carbohydrates before they can be absorbed by the body. 2. Where does the absorption of glucose occur in the GI tract? (1 point) The absorption of glucose occurs in the small intestine of the GI tract. 3. What are the anatomical features of the stomach that support digestion? (2 points) The anatomical features of the stomach that support digestion are: 1) The stomach acids and enzymes that break down food. 2) The stomach muscles that churn the food and physically break it down. 3) The mucosal barrier that protects the stomach from self-digestion and neutralizes gastric acid. 4) The cardia where ingested food passes through. 5) The fundus stores gas and can store food if the stomach is full. 6) The body stores food until it passes into the small intestine. 7) The pylorus controls the rate at which the food empties into the small intestine. 4. List out 3 hormones that are secreted by the stomach, the target organ and the action. (6 points) Three hormones that are secreted by the stomach, their target organs, and their actions are: 1) Ghrelin: it is produced in the stomach, it tells the brain that the body must be fed, its target organ is the brain. 2) Gastrin: it is produced in the stomach when it is stretched, it stimulates the secretion of gastric juice, its target organ is the stomach. 3) Secretin: it is produced in the duodenum, it stimulates the pancreas to produce alkaline secretions and slows the emptying of the stomach, its target organ is the pancreas and the stomach. 5. Reflection: Reflect on at least 2 key concepts you have learned from this simulation. How can you apply it to the physiological processes in the body? One of the physiological processes in the body is metabolism. Depending on the chemical make-up of a sugar will dictate how the body metabolizes that sugar. 1) Complex sugars take longer for the body to digest due to its long chains of sugar molecules. This causes increases in blood sugar levels. Therefore these sugar have to

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