Week 2 Lab 2_ Periodic Table_Ionic and Covalent Bonds (1)

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San Diego State University *

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Chemistry

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Apr 3, 2024

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OL Lab 2: Periodic Table/Ionic and Covalent Bonds Learning Objectives ● Describe the structure and organization of the periodic table ● Classify elements of a family based on their location in the periodic table ● Distinguish metals from other element classes based on typical characteristics ● Use the flame color test to identify metals based on their position in the periodic table ● Explain valence electrons and oxidation state of a main group element to its position in the periodic table ● Describe the main trends among groups and periods for atomic properties ● Explain the causes on the atomic level for the main trends among groups and periods concerning atomic radii, ionization energy and electronegativity ● Describe the formation of ionic and covalent bonds ● Identify anions and cations ● Apply the octet rule ● Describe ionic lattice structure ● Draw Lewis dot structures ● Explain the formation of single, double, and triple bonds ● Distinguish between ionic compounds and covalent compounds Introduction Have you ever wondered how atoms are held together? In this simulation, you will learn the basics about atomic bonding in ionic and covalent compounds, and how to distinguish those compounds experimentally. With all this knowledge, you will help your friend analyze two mysterious substances he received from an alchemist. By testing their specific physical properties, you’ll be able to identify the nature of the substances. Finally, you will learn how ions form lattice structures and how this influences the property of a compound. Test solubility and conductivity Atoms can interact in many different ways, creating new compounds with unique properties. In the first mission of the Ionic and Covalent Bonds simulation, your task is to choose appropriate laboratory equipment to test the solubility and conductivity of the two substances. You will explore how these properties differ in ionic and covalent compounds. Draw Lewis dot structures In the second part of the Ionic and Covalent Bonds simulation, you will learn about the octet rule and how to apply this to building Lewis dot structures in a virtual drawing activity. You will see that there are many ways that covalent bonds can be formed, depending on the compound and electron configuration. You will also learn how to identify lone pair electron in a covalent bond. Determine melting points

In the last mission, your task is to determine the melting point of the two substances by using a melting point apparatus. You will explore how your results are connected to the ability of ions to form a lattice structure. Part 1: Complete Labster lab Periodic Table of Elements: Get the table organized in time! (about 40 mins) Complete all activities and answer all questions within the lab and then complete the questions below: 1. For each of the following elements, give another element in the same family (2 points) a. F- is part of the halogen family, and chlorine (Cl) is another element in that group. b. Mg-falls into the alkaline earth metals group, and calcium (Ca) is another element found in the same group. c. C-is a member of the carbon group, and silicon (Si) is another element within that group. d. S- is part of the oxygen group, and selenium (Se) is another element in that particular group. 1. In your own words, describe the term electronegativity Electronegativity is the measure of how much an atom tends to attract and hold electrons when forming chemical bonds with other atoms. It indicates the atom's eagerness to pull electrons toward itself in a compound, providing insights into the nature of chemical interactions and the distribution of electron charge within molecules. 1. In your own words, describe the term ionization energy Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or a positively charged ion. It represents the strength of the bond between electrons and an atom, with higher ionization energy requiring more energy to detach an electron. This concept is crucial in understanding how atoms form ions and participate in chemical reactions. Part 2: Complete Labster Lab Ionic and Covalent Bonds (about 40 mins) Complete all activities and answer all questions within the lab and then complete the questions below: 1. Purpose: Describe in complete sentences and in your own words, the purpose of this experiment. In this experiment, we're diving into the details of how atoms bond in ionic and covalent compounds. The goal is to identify their special traits by testing things like conductivity and melting point. Through hands-on experience, we aim to help you differentiate

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