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It is necessary to investigate connectionless protocols as a potential substitute for connection-based protocols.

Explain the significance of "split horizon" in routing protocols.

Data collision occurs when multiple senders simultaneously attempt to access the communication medium. Various protocols have been developed to mitigate this issue. These protocols operate at different layers of the network stack. Could you please provide more specific information about the protocols you are interested in? Do these methods ensure reliable gearbox without any possibility of collisions? What alternative solutions are available if this approach proves ineffective?

Computer Science The UDP is a connectionless protocol, and packets may lose during the transmission, but what happens if the lost packets ratio increases?

MC9: In wireless LAN communication, MACA is widely used. In this protocol, in order to avoid collision, a sender can send sender is granted the privilege to send a frame to the receiver only after it receives request signal to a receiver. The replied from the receiver. RTS, RTS CTS, CTS RTS, CTS CTS, RTS

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It is necessary to do research on connectionless protocols in order to determine whether or not they can successfully replace connection-based protocols.

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Consider the pros and cons of connectionless protocols as a potential substitute for connection-based protocols in a brief overview

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MC10: In CSMA/CD protocol, after a collision is detected, a random delay is determined by algorithm Binary Quadratic Backoff Binary Exponential Backoff Binary Lineal Backoff Binary Cubic Backoff

Create a spanning tree for the given topology. Label all ports with their status i.e. Root, designated or block. Note: STP link costs are shown in brackets

PLZ AS FAST AS POSSIBLE I WANT THE SOLUTION OF THIS QUESTION A pipeline protocol is used between a sender and a receiver. The sender wants to send 6 packets with a rate 1packet/1ms. The propagation time is 3 ms for any packet and the time out is 8 ms. The time for processing packet and the transmission time are negligible. Assume that Selective Repeat is used, window size is 3 and the packet with sequence number 2 is lost (start sequence number from 0) a. Fill up the below figure with information about sending packet from sender to receiver and ACK packet in reverse direction. b. Calculate the total time required in c. order the receiver receives the 6 packets correctly. Specify the number of data packets and acknowledgments sent and sequence number of data packets and acknowledgments. Receiver H Sender Ims

End-to-end and network-assisted congestion control. Data-center networks control congestion hop-by-hop. In this technique, a downstream router/host explicitly informs the previous hop upstream router/host about its free buffer space, and the upstream router only sends a packet if the downstream router has buffer space. A. In the three-hop example below, the first and third connections have capacity R, whereas the router link has R/2. The red and blue connections are similarly handled and have the same maximum throughput*. What is the red connection's maximum throughput? B-2-in: original data R R/2 R-hour ww B. Hop-by-hop congestion control: buffer overflow retransmission? C. Does hop-by-hop congestion control need retransmission?

19. ARP is used for: O packet path determination O finding of a mapping IPV6 → MAC address O finding of a mapping IPV4 → MAC address O finding of a mapping IPV4 → TCP address

Complete this sentence: Spanning tree protocol… a. … reduces a partial mesh switched network in a loop free hierarchical one b. … is used by routers to route traffic between different VLANs c. … inserts a TTL counter into the frame headers d. … reduces a partial mesh to a tree by temporarily shutting down unnecessary devices

Please give a short outline of the pros and cons of connectionless protocols as a possible solution for connection-based protocols.

In distance vector routing algorithms, routers exchange information with their neighbors about the links costs. (A) True (B) False

Q10: RIP is . 1- None of the above 2- Link state protocol 3- Distance vector protocol 4- Exterior protocol Q11: Multi-area OSPF based network has more frequency of shortest Path First calculations 1- True 2- False Q12 In OSPF, the protocol responsible for establishing and maintaining neighbor relationships is called .

Examining the pros and cons of connection-based versus connectionless protocols is a valuable exercise.