CSE 230 Final Exam Muddiest Points

Assume that the operation times of one add instruction for the major functional units are 325 ps for memory access, 185 ps for ALU operations and 125 ps for register file read/writes. Please fill the table first and perform the following        a )What is the total cycle in single-cycle implementation?   b )What is the total cycle in pipelining implementation?  c) What is the total cycle in pipelining implementation if there are 5 million add instructions? d) What is the total cycle in pipelining implementation for 5 million add instructions, if the stages are balanced? e)What is the speed up of pipelining implementation over single-cycle implementation?

Assuming pipelining is used, what would be the execution time for a single load instruction to execute?

Describe the concept of out-of-order execution in modern CPUs and its implications for ALU instruction execution.

Orthogonality arises when the design of an instruction set provides a "backup" instruction for each instruction that performs the same function. Please indicate whether or not it is accurate.

Assignment-04. A non-pipelined CPU has 12 general purpose registers (RO, R1, R2, . Following operation are supported: R12), .... ADD Ra, Rb, Rr Add Ra to Rb and store the result in Rr MUL Ra, Rb, Rr Multiply Ra to Rb and store the result in Rr MUL operations takes two dlock cycles, ADD takes one clock cycle. Calculate minimum number of clock cycles required to compute the value of the expression XY +XYZ + YZ The variables X,Y, Z are initially available in registers RO, R1 and R2 and contents of these registers must not be modified,

Computer science Computer architecture question No. 9 Quick response!

A digital computer has a memory unit with 32 bits per word. The instruction set consists of 110 different operations. All instructions have an operation code part (opcode) and two address fields: one for a memory address and one for a register address. This particular system includes eight general-purpose, user-addressable registers. Registers may be loaded directly from memory, and memory may be updated directly from the registers. Direct memory-to-memory data movement operations are not supported. Each instruction stored in one word of memory. At least, how many bits are needed for the opcode?

True/False Run times of the typical five stages to execute an instruction are as given in some units of time:  Instruction Fetch: 10 Instruction Decode: 15 Execute: 30 Memory: 50 Write Back: 20 If this is implemented as a pipelined versus a non-pipelined machine, then depending on the absence of hazards, one could expect the speedup to be about 2.5.

Orthogonality refers to the presence of a "backup" instruction in an instruction set design that may be used in place of any other instruction that achieves the same aim. The onus is on you to confirm or refute my assumption.

computer architecture Assume that the operation times of one add instruction for the major functional units are 325 ps for memory access, 185 ps for ALU operations and 125 ps for register file read/writes. Please fill the table first and perform the following  a )What is the total cycle in single-cycle implementation?   b )What is the total cycle in pipelining implementation?  c) What is the total cycle in pipelining implementation if there are 5 million add instructions? d) What is the total cycle in pipelining implementation for 5 million add instructions, if the stages are balanced? e)What is the speed up of pipelining implementation over single-cycle implementation?

In the context of software pipelining, discuss loop unrolling and its benefits. How does loop unrolling affect the instruction schedule and overall performance?

A program sees a 4% miss rate on both the Instruction Cache and the Data Cache. Every instruction requires access to the Instruction cache. Only 35% of the instructions require data access from the Data Cache. The miss penalty for either the data or the instruction cache is 100 cycles. Assume the average Clocks per Instruction (CPI) is 2 without any memory stalls (this is a hypothetical machine where if there were no misses on that instruction, it would get executed in 2 clock cycles. We are not worrying about how it is implemented, just, that suppose it was possible). Assume the number of instructions in a program is X.  F3: What is the total run time of the program including the missed cycles dues to data and instruction misses? F4: What is the ratio of the actual run time (from question F3 above) to the fictitious run time if there were no cache misses at all?

A program sees a 4% miss rate on both the Instruction Cache and the Data Cache. Every instruction requires access to the Instruction cache. Only 35% of the instructions require data access from the Data Cache. The miss penalty for either the data or the instruction cache is 100 cycles. Assume the average Clocks per Instruction (CPI) is 2 without any memory stalls (this is a hypothetical machine where if there were no misses on that instruction, it would get executed in 2 clock cycles. We are not worrying about how it is implemented, just, that suppose it was possible). Assume the number of instructions in a program is X.    F1: What is the number of 'instruction miss cycles'? (The number of clock cycles lost due to a miss on the Instruction Cache) F2: What is the number of 'data miss cycles'? F3: What is the total run time of the program including the missed cycles dues to data and instruction misses? F4: What is the ratio of the actual run time (from question F3 above) to the…

In computer architecture, SIMD may refer to the situation where. a) multiple CPU cores can access the same memory concurrently. b) the same operation can be applied to multiple operands with only a single instruction. c) multiple independent instructions can be executed at the same time in the same CPU core. d) multiple independent memory banks show up as a single address space.

A digital computer has a memory unit with 32 bits per word. The instruction set consists of 110 different operations. All instructions have an operation code part (opcode) and two address fields: one for a memory address and one for a register address. This particular system includes eight general-purpose, useraddressable registers. Registers may be loaded directly from memory, and memory may be updated directly from the registers. Direct memory-to-memory data movement operations are not supported. Each instruction is stored in one word of memory.1. a) How many bits are needed for the opcode?2. b) How many bits are needed to specify the register?3. c) How many bits are left for the memory address part of the instruction? d) What is the maximum allowable size for memory?5. e) What is the largest unsigned binary number that can be accommodated in one word of memory?

Describe the concept of pipelining in CPU design and its impact on instruction execution efficiency.

Please use the photo to answer this question: Compare the cost/performance ratio with and without this improvement.

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Describe the concept of instruction reordering in out-of-order execution pipelines and its impact on performance.

Describe the concept of instruction pipelining in a CPU. What are hazards in pipelining, and how can they be resolved?

Describe the concept of pipelining in CPU design. How does instruction pipelining improve CPU performance, and what are the potential challenges?

Logical address converted into linear address using then into physical address on memory using. A is a logically self-contained unit of code that receives a list of parameters and performs computation, and returns results The combines your program's object file created by the assembler with libraries to produces an executable program makes it possible to start an instruction before completing the execution of previous one. The architecture that has a small and simple instruction set with which all instructions have the same width Uses the system bus to communicate with the processor and to handle low-level operations The mode in which each program can address a maximum of 4 GB of memory. Expensive, used for cache memory, faster access, no refresh The table provided by the operating system contains segment descriptors for all programs and initialized during boot up. A special 32-bit register that indicates the address of the next instruction to be executed by the microprocessor…

Explain the concept of pipelining in CPU architecture. How does pipelining improve instruction execution throughput, and what are the potential challenges associated with it?

Dive into the concept of pipelining in CPU architecture. How does instruction pipelining improve the execution of instructions, and what are the potential challenges?

Describe the concept of pipelining in ALU instructions and its impact on CPU performance. What are the potential challenges associated with pipelined execution?