Project Report Qualnet Project Phase 1 Karan & Abhinav

We want to design a digital circuit that converts Gray code (ABC) to Binary code (xyz). Set up a 8-to- 1 line multiplexer so that the output gives y as a function of ABC. "A" is given to the most significant bit of the control inputs of the multiplexer. "C" is given to the least significant bit of the control inputs of the multiplexer.

Q4/ Why the performance of multimode graded index is better than multimode step index? Q5/ Design fiber optics communication system with analogue input and then measure the performance of the three types of fiber optics configurations. After that, answer the following questions: 1. Which configuration is the better? Comment! 2. Which parameters that improve the performance of multimode step index? Comment! 3. Which parameters that improve the performance of multimode graded index? Comment! 4. Which parameters that improve the performance of single mode step index? Comment! 5. If we need to increase the fiber length from 1 km to 15 km. which configuration is used? Comment!

What is a JFET? Explain its construction and describe the biasing methods available forbiasing a JFET?

(b) Figure Q.4b shows an Adder/Subtractor circuit implemented using Adder Q. The delay for XOR = 2t, OR = AND=1t and cascadable full adder is used for ripple carry adder. Assume inputs X, Y and ADDSUB have arrived at Ot. Analyze the critical path delay for the circuit if:- X[7.4] YI7.4] 4. A[3.0] A[3.0] lo"cle C4 C8 C4 Adder Q co C4 Adder Q co ADDSUB Sum(3.0] Sum[3.0] Z17.4] Figure Q.4b i. Adder Q is a 4-bit Ripple-Carry Adder. Show your analysis in Table Q.4b.i. ii. Adder Q is a 4-bit Carry-Lookahead Adder. Show your analysis in Table Q.4b.ii. Table Q.4b.i Table Q.4b.ii To Node Delay To Node Delay Z3 Z3 С4 С4 Z7 Z7 C8 C8 Page 14 of 21

To implement 8-to-1 line multiplexer using two 4-to-1 line multiplexer(MUX): O a. The third selctor is connected to the enable line of the first and second MUX. O b. Only the enable line of the first MUX must be connected dirictly to the enable for the second MUX. O c. The third selctor is connected to the enable line of the first MUX which is connected through inverter to the enable of the second MUX. O d. All inputs lines for the first mux must be connected to the input lines for the second mux.

3. Some GPS receivers use 1 bit ADCS (Analog-to-digital Converters) to sample and quantize the signal i.e. the output of the ADC is simply 2 quantization levels: -1 or +1. This is typically done to save on power. (a) What is the quantization SNR? How does it compare to typical thermal noise SNR of a GPS signal before correlating with the CDMA code? (b) Justify, how come it is possible to sample the signal using a single bit and still get good performance.

3. Category 5 cable, commonly referred to as CAT-5, is a twisted pair cable for computer networks. The cable standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz. We would like to transmit information over a CAT-5 twisted pair cable at 500 megabits per second (Mbps). (a) Is a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 30 dB adequate to transmit 500 Mbps? (b) What is the SNR required to just adequately transmit at 500 Mbps? Express your answer in decibels for the SNR

Pair of nel Ql what are tha quantiter of at load-bus and Slack bus toad flow studies?

How many states the PN sequence generator of DB20 have? • What is the length of PN sequence generator of DB20?

What is a JFET? Explain its construction and describe the biasing methods available for biasing a JFET?  Please don't write on paper

Subject: Principles of Communication Systems

Q2: In the 7-segment display, derive an SOP expression for segment ('f )'using the input variables WXYZ and theń expression using Karnaugh map (each digit represented by a BCD codě). minimize the

Write the standard SOP form, standard POS form Min terms and Max terms representations of the following expression. X=AB'+(BC')'

(i) Below (figure 1) is an example of a VHDL code for a multiplexer. --multiplexer.vhd --Common Multiplexer LIBRARY ieee; USE ieee.std_logic_1164.ALL; ENTITY multiplexer IS PORT(el, d3, d2, d1, d0 : IN STD_LOGIC; a,b.c,d,e,f.g.h.ij.k,lm,n:OUT STD LOGIC); END multiplexer; ARCHITECTURE mult OF multiplexer IS SIGNAL input : STD LOGIC_VECTOR (4 downto 0); SIGNAL output : STD LOGIC_VECTOR (13 downto 0); BEGIN input ca el & d3 & d2 & d1 & d0; WITH input SELECT "00000010000001"WHEN "10000",--Input A "00000010000001"WHEN "10001",- "00000010000001"WHEN "10010",- "00000010000001"WHEN "10011",- "00000011001111"WHEN "10100" "00000011001111"WHEN "10101 "00000011001111"WHEN "10110" "00000011001111"WHEN "10111" "10011110000001"WHEN "11000" "10011110000001"WHEN "11001" "10011110000001"WHEN "11010, "10011110000001"WHEN "11011" "10011111001111"WHEN "11100" "100111110011i1"WHEN "11101",- "10011111001111"WHEN "11110",-- "10011111001111"WHEN "11111":-. "00000010000001" -00 --"00000011001111"-01…

The parameters that are mainly used in * radar systems are .... T Parameters OH Parameters OZ Parameters Y Parameters ........

Find the unknown value for each of the following physical address. Assume all numbers are hexadecimal numbers (a) D765:???? =DABC0 (b) ????:CD21=32D21

A set of five readings is stored in maemory location starting at C060H. Devlop assembly language program (ALP) for 8085 microprocessor to sort the reading in descending order. draw the flow chart for the same.

III. Theory/ Discussion 1) Arduino IDE consists of 2 functions. What are they? a) else () and loop () b) Setup () and build () c) Setup () and loop () d) Setup () and elseif () 2) When forward biased, LED emits light because of Recombination of carriers and Light produced by collisions. 3) ATmega328p microprocessor is used in arduino UNO. (TRUE/FALSE) (TRUE/FALSE) IV. Circuit Diagram (Before Simulation) Draw the circuit and write the program codes by considering input pin as A2 and output and output pin as 9 for green, 10 for yellow LED & 11 for red LED. Also verify the results if (gas >= 100) red LED should glow, if (gas >= 60) yellow LED should glow, otherwise green LED should glow. V. Connection Diagram and Results after simulation hp

system for the speech signal which in a code-word. Comment on the result. Q4] A- Given the binary data sequence 1 1 1 0 0 1 0, outline the transmitted sequence of rectangular pulses using the line coding techniques or digital data signaling formats as (a) unipolar RZ, (b) polar NRZ, (c) polar Rz, (d) Manchester, and (e) bipolar RZ-AMI. B- The binary data 1 0110001 is transmitted over a baseband channel. The line- coding waveforms illustrated in Figure 1. Could you explain the line coding for the three waveforms? If yes, Explain?

Briefly discuss the following topics:  (e) Wavelength Division Multiplexing (f) Code Division Multiple Access

3. Show with the aid of equations and block diagram the generation of (USB) signal by using phase shift method.

I need the answer as soon as possible

Suggest 3 advantages of the Routh-Hurwitz criteria

Digital communications 2

a. Assume that a channel occupies a bandwidth of 250 kHz. We need to multiplex six channels with guard bands of 400 Hz using FDM. Calculate the minimum bandwidth of the link to prevent interference. b. Explain the analog carrier system used by telephone companies. c. Describe two other applications that use FDM other than analog carrier system. d. Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. Each creating 440 characters per second. The interleaved unit is two characters, and two synchronizing bits are added to each frame. Based on this information, find: The data rate of each source, i. ii. the frame rate, ii. the duration of each frame, and iv. the size of a frame in bits. v. the data rate of the link

How to use optimal power flow using harmony optimization technique . expain this method and help me to calculate the code programming in matlab for (IEEE-30 bus).