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Lab 2 Report
Koby Butler
The following table compares the accepted values obtained from the prelab with the experimental values obtained from the lab session of v
1
, v
2
, and v
3
.
Table 1.1. Error analysis of v
1
, v
2
, v
3
As seen from Table 1.1, the difference between the accepted and the experimental values are not significantly different, except for v
3
.
The difference between values may be due to the circuit components not being ideal, such as the resistors having a slightly different resistance compared to their labels, the wires adding very small resistance, and the instability of the wires on the breadboard which may cause some components to not be fully connected to one another. It also may be due to the fact that the source current is not exactly 12.5 mA.
2.
Error analysis of i
1
, i
2
, i
3
The following table compares the accepted values obtained from the prelab with the experimental values obtained from the lab session of i
1
, i
2
, and i
3
.
Table 1.2. Error analysis of i
1
, i
2
, i
3
The difference between the values not very different, with the largest difference being i
3
.
The difference may caused by the current not being exactly 12.5 mA, rather it is 11.89 mA when measured. Other than that, it may be the case that using a small unit such as mA contributes to the error, as it causes the difference to become more tangible as opposed to using a larger unit such as A. Accepted Value (Prelab) (V
)
Experimental Value (Lab) (V
)
Percent Error (%)
v
1
3.03
2.94
3.02
v
2
1.25
1.22
2.43
v
3
0.66
0.99
40
Accepted Value (Prelab) (mA
)
Experimental Value (Lab) (mA
)
Percent Error (%)
i
1
7.3
7.5
2.7
i
2
6.6
6.6
0
i
3
12.5
11.86
5.25
1.
Error analysis of peak-to-peak values of v
2
and v
3
From the prelab, the following functions of voltage with respect to time is obtained.
v
2 (
t
)
=1.22sin (
200 πt
) v
2 (
t
)
=1.53sin (
200 πt )
To obtain the peak-to-peak voltage of the prelab, we can perform the following calculations. v
pp
2
=2
v
p
2
=2
∙
1.22=2.44
V v
pp
3
=2
v
p
3
=2
∙
1.53=3.06
V
We can also perform similar calculations to obtain the peak-to-peak voltage of the lab. v
pp
2
=2
v
p
2
=2
∙
1.22=2.44
V v
pp
3
=2
v
p
3
=2
∙
1.58=3.16
V
The following table compares the accepted values obtained from the prelab with the experimental values obtained from the lab session of the peak-to-peak values of v
2
and v
3
.
Table 2.1. Error analysis of peak-to-peak values of v
2
and v
3
There is a difference between the values of the peak-to-peak voltage of both v
2
and v
3 are considerably small since their percentage error is below 5%. This error may be caused by several factors. It may be caused by the imperfect circuit components, such as the resistance of the resistors and the wires also having a small resistance that leads to the inaccurate measurements on the oscilloscope. Additionally, the circuit uses some larger resistance values, which may raise the likelihood of errors. Not only that, but due to
their larger resistance values, the tolerance is also large. For example, a 1 kΩ resistor with 5% tolerance would mean that it can range from 1050 to 950 Ω, which is rather significant. Other than that, there may be human errors while setting the oscilloscope to find the amplitude or peak voltage. Accepted Value (Prelab) (V
)
Experimental Value (Lab) (V)
Percent Error (%)
v
2
2.44
2.44
0
v
3
3.06
3.16
3.27
Lab Part 3
As an online student, I was to simulate the meter movement with a resistance and my multi-
meter, because I don’t have a d-Arsonval meter.
1.
Error analysis of voltage (
v) when R
Th
= 4.7 kΩ and R
Th
= 47 Ω
The following table compares the accepted values obtained from the prelab with the experimental values obtained from the lab session of the voltage when R
Th
= 4.7 kΩ and R
Th
= 47 Ω.
Table 3.1. Error analysis of voltage (
v) when R
Th
= 4.7 kΩ and R
Th
= 47 Ω
The percentage error may be caused by several factors. Mainly, the circuit components used have imperfections, such as the resistors having a different value from the label and the wires having a small resistance.
2.
Error analysis of internal resistance pre-lab assumption and measured value in lab
The following table compares the accepted values obtained from the prelab with the experimental values obtained from the lab session of the internal resistance R
d
. Table 3.2. Error analysis of internal resistance pre-lab assumption and measured value in lab
Accepted Value Experimental Value Percent Error (%)
(Prelab) (Ω)
(Lab) (Ω)
R
d
155
147.1 kΩ 5.23
V(R
TH
= 47 k
Ω)
Accepted Value (Prelab) (V
)
Experimental Value (Lab) (V)
Percent Error (%)
V(R
TH
= 4.7 k
Ω)
2.58
2.44
5.58
4.95
4.65
6.25
Lab Part 1
Figure 1.2. Circuit and Measurement of i
1
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Table-1: Measured Quantities for the DC Bias Circuit
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Value
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6.74
0,62 18.3356
ECTR
Vcc
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R5
R3
3.3kQ
всз37
R2
R4
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4700
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b) large current flows in larger resistor
c) potential difference across each is same
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3. Which of the following is true for a bipolar junction transistor
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b) IB is controlled by VBB
c) VCE is controlled by IB
d) IC is controlled by IB
e) All of the above
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