D017 study guide.docx

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lOMoARcPSD|30545138 School Law D017 Study Guide for the Objective Assessment Unit 1 – Introduction – N/A Unit 2 – History and Structure of Schools Module 1: Historical Perspectives of Schooling 1. The Common School Movement – who, where, what, & why? (Page 11 Link) Periods of unparalleled expansion and reform in American public schooling. Originally started for the lower class children to learn letters, skill, and trades in the Old World. Old World Orphans led to creation of asylums, reform schools, orphanages, etc. Urbanization / Industrialization led to more population, and larger lower class. This increased a need for charity schools. Horace Mann is the father of the common school movement. Began in 1837 Massachusetts after becoming the first secretary of the Board of Ed. 2. Compulsory Attendance Laws – federal and state legislation (Page 12 Link) Compulsory attendance laws are those that state legislatures mandate for attendance in public schools. Mass. 1852: Children between 8-14 must attend school for 12 weeks per year, six of which have to be consecutive.

lOMoARcPSD|30545138 Urban School Reform - Professionalization and the Science of Ed: The Rural School Problem & Complexities of National Reform: Redefining State Responsibility in Education: Creating Citizens and Workers - Curriculum Reform and the Aims of Education in a Democracy: 3. Landmark Events in Modern Public Schooling – what, when, and impact? a. Compulsory Attendance Act 1852 - first law requiring student participation in schooling. Parens patriae - prevents parents from keeping their children home from school for agricultural reasons An educated citizenry is of paramount importance to perpetuate a democratic society. Experience throughout history has shown that those societies with high levels of illiteracy and ignorance among their people are most susceptible to domination and tyranny. Mass education is not only the best and surest means of preservation of liberty, but it is also essential to the economic and social welfare of the people. b. National Defense Education Act (NDEA) 1958 - Soviet Satellite, Sputnik, being launched into space was used as a cause to create the National Defense Education Act, an education bill disguised as a defense bill. The House usually turned down education bills because they were deemed socialist. The Act establishes the legitimacy of federal funding of higher education, made substantial funds available for low cost student loans, boosted public and private

lOMoARcPSD|30545138 colleges and universities. Mostly aimed at science, math, foreign languages, but also expanded libraries and other services. Reagan promoted these ideologies. Results: 1960 college students was 3.6 million. in 1970 rose to 7.5 million. c. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) 1965- Brought education into the forefront of the national assault on poverty, and represented a landmark commitment to equal access to quality education. Driven by Lyndon B. Johnson’s “War on Poverty.” Is an extensive statute that funds primary and secondary education, emphasizing high standards and accountability. Initially given 5 fiscal years. Government re-authorizes the act every five years since. Title I : program created by Dept. of Ed. to distribute funding to schools with a high percentage of students from low-income families. Accounts for 5/6 of the total funds authorized by ESEA. Designed to close the gap between low and middle income families. Title II : support school libraries and textbook acquisition for private and public schools, as well as some funded preschool programs. Title III : “Adult Education Act'' supplementary educational centers and services would receive funding for additional support services to bolster school attendance. Mandated educational programming even when school was not in session, and provided for special education services. Bilingual services were later added.

lOMoARcPSD|30545138 Title IV : Allocated $100 million over a five year period to fund educational research and training. Title V : Supplemented grants created under Public Law 874 to state departments. Title VI : provided definitions and limitations related to the law. Dedicated to education of individuals with disabilities Title VII : bolstered the vocational education act of 1963 Title VIII : provided a definition of gifted and talented and established the Teacher Corps. Title IX : comprehensive federal law that protects individuals from sex-based discrimination in schools or other federally funded programs. d. A Nation at Risk 1983 - delivers a wake up call for our education system. Highlighted problems within education system, illiterate high school students, plummeting performance, international competitors surpassing us, rising tide of mediocrity and idleness e. The Improving America’s Schools Act 1994 - President Clinton’ reauthorization. Educational reforms.

lOMoARcPSD|30545138 f. No Child Left Behind 2002 - President Bush’s reauthorization. Required states to test students in reading and mathematics. g. Every Student Succeeds Act 2015 - President Obama’s reauthorization. Replaced NCLB, modified provisions to standardized testing. 4. Case Law on Civil Rights – Desegregation of Schools a. Plessy v Ferguson Upheld Louisiana state law that allowed for separate but equal accommodations for white and colored races. Plessy bought a first class ticket, refused to move to a different car, was thrown off the train and arrested. Louisiana law required equal but separate coaches. Plessy was 7/8 white, and 1/8 black.But according to Louisiana law he was considered black, and tried for his crimes. Plessy lost in trial. Plessy went to the Louisiana Supreme Court, lost. Plessy went to the US Supreme Court, and lost. Plessy: segregation treats everyone the same way, but ignores the sense of inferiority or implied insults. b. Brown v Board of Ed of Topeka 1954. Opened the door for desegregation and the modern civil rights movement. Segregated schools were inherently unequal. Oliver Brown, father of Linda (3rd grader) who was forced to take a longer bus ride to a further away, all black, school. Doll Test: little children of color identified white dolls as better than black dolls, and when asked which doll they identify with, they would choose the black doll. Proves a sense of

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