Posted rvsd 1 Assignment Basic concepts of orgainizational theory and development IPO

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Alabama State University *

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Jun 2, 2024

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Assignment 1 Fundamental Conceptions of Organizational Theory and Development I. Introduction: Basic concepts for a theory of organization deals with classical and behavioral theories. In other words, when considering a basic theory we must focus on the overall structure of an organization, which involves, Input, Process, and Output .; not to be confused with types of organization structures, typically displayed on charts, such as flat, hierarchical, functional, and divisional, etc. Input, Process, and Output organization consist of both behavioral and classical organizational theory characteristics. The input, process, and output perspective is also known as the system approach. Questions concerning input and how it typically develops, process , and how it is typically performed, and expected output must be considered for the purposes here. Roger Stogdill, et al. in a 1967 seminal work explain these concepts as they apply, in general, to organizational development theory and practices. Classical theories of organization have been historically concerned with principles of scientific management such as departmentalization and the structure of authority and responsibility relationships. Classical theories also involve highly rationalized-based practices and departmental positions to accomplish specific organizational objectives. In this light, it is noteworthy to understand rationality within the context of organizational theory. Rationality characteristically involves using strict procedures, objective knowledge, and logic to accomplish known goals and objectives of the organization. Furthermore, it involves identifying specific problems, fact gathering, and options to achieve an outcome (Adam, et al, 2022). Stogdill, et.al. (1967) reconcile classical theory with behavioral aspects through explaining how biological and psycho-substructures are transferable to formalized organizational structures. Remember we are dealing with the importance of conceptualizing a general theory in order to better understand how a typical organizational system structure involving input, process, and output can be developed. In this light, we will consider investigating the organization from two perspectives , theoretical and practical . The theoretical aspect involves how leaders can develop input-process-output based on general principles or system of ideas. The practical aspect will involve an actual (type) of organization such as a firm or a social association. As it relates to the theoretical aspect, Stogdill and associates suggest that all social aggregates among mammals and social insects demonstrate structures in which a few members perform specialized functions. The importance of specialization is not new. In his foundational work, The Wealth of nations , Adam Smith posited that specialization, the concertation on a single function or area of expertise, leads to improved efficiency. This is important when considering the stages of development related to how an organization comes into being. Tuckman (1965) analyzed sixty studies that examined the developmental trends in unstructured groups and found

the following stages to be common: forming, storming, norming, and performing. Forming involves developing role structures; storming involves intragroup conflict, emotional expression, competition for position, and group motivation; norming involves cohesion, norms, standards, and conformity; and performing involves productivity, stable role structure and interdependency. Once the group is developed, it is important to note how the process of input-process-output functions from a practical perspective. As it relates to practice, Davis suggested earlier that organizations arise due to an ability to create acquire, preserve, and distribute in order to meet a demand or need (1951). For example, a firm (an organization for profit) can measure success or profit in terms of monetary input and output; the goal is to gain more output in terms of dollars than used for input. Other (social) organizations can measure success in terms of purpose and output. For example the primary purpose of most educational institutions is to achieve student success, this is typically measured in terms of academic scores/grades and graduation rates. Another major aim of these types of organizations is to survive. In this light, educational institutions will likely lose the resources for their survival if their goals remain consistently unmet. Examples: 1: Input, Production, Output General Example

2. Example of a school – Do not submit this example.

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