Friction Lab
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Mechanical Engineering
Date
Jan 9, 2024
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Daniel Kim
9/27/23
PHY 133.L69
TA: Yikai Wu
Force of Friction Lab
Introduction:
In this lab, we will be measuring the force of friction and how it changes with mass. We
will also be solving for the coefficient of kinetic friction between the device and the surface.
Friction is a force that opposes the sliding motion of an object and there are 2 different types of
friction. Static friction and Kinetic friction. Static friction opposes the motion of an object until it
is overcome by another external force. Once the object starts moving, it is then taken over by
kinetic friction and the rule is that because a larger force is needed to move an object at the start
relative to when you need to keep the object moving, static friction must be greater than or equal
to kinetic friction. We will be using the force of kinetic friction to determine if the mass of the
object increased by attaching masses on top of the iolab device and use the equation for friction,
in order to determine the coefficient of kinetic friction
, between the device and
the surface.
Method/Procedure:
Part 1:
1.
Attach the Screw into the iolab device
2.
Turn the device on while pointing the y-axis downwards
3.
Record the device on a flat surface for about a second and then using the screw, lift the
device up into the air and hold it steady for a couple of seconds
4.
Place it back down after a couple seconds and calculate the avg force and acceleration
5.
Use the gravitational force equation Fg = mg to find the mass.
Part 2:
1.
Replace the screw with the plate on the device
2.
Place the device with the wheels facing upwards
3.
Push the device in the y direction while recording data
4.
Find and record the acceleration of the device after the push/peak
5.
Use F = ma to find the force of friction acting on the device
Part 3:
1.
Attach a mass to the device using tape
2.
Find the new mass of the device
3.
Give the device a push and find the acceleration
4.
Add a second mass on top of the first mass and repeat number 3
5.
Use the force of gravity to calculate the normal force
6.
Plot the force of friction vs normal force using excel sheet and add a linear trendline
7.
Calculate μ for each trial/mass and find the average of the values
8.
Find μ using the slope of the force of friction vs normal force plot
9.
Compare both values of μ
Results:
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Figure 1. Device when held midair
Average force due to gravity: -1.960 N
Figure 2. Device at rest before getting picked up
Average force due to acceleration: -9.807 m/s^2
Figure 3. Device given a push
Acceleration = -2.973 m/s^2
1.
The device still has an acceleration even after I stopped pushing it because the force of
me pushing it was greater than the initial friction until it came to a rest.
2.
You can use mass and acceleration to find the force acting on the device by using the
equation F=MA
Figure 4. Device has an extra mass added to it
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Average force of gravity
Figure 5 Acceleration of device across y axis for mass 1
Figure 6. Device with mass 1 added being pushed
Acceleration = -3.619 m/s^2
Figure 7. Iolab Device with 2 masses added
Figure 8. Acceleration of device across y-axis for 2 masses added
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Figure 9. Iolab with 2 masses added getting pushed
Calculations:
Iolab device mass: Fg = mg
(-1.960N) = m(-9.807m/s^2)
m= 0.1999
Iolab device mass + 1 mass:
(-4.226N) = m(-9.199m/s^2)
m= 0.4594
Iolab device mass + 2 masses:
(-5.694N) = m(-9.804m/s^2)
m=0.5808
Iolab Force: F=ma
Mean acceleration = -2.973
m= 0.1999
(-2.973)(0.1999)= -0.5943N
Force for iolab device mass + 1 mass:
Mean acceleration = -3.619
m= 0.4594N
(-3.619)(0.4594)= -1.6625N
Force for iolab device mass + 2 masses
Mean acceleration = -3.286
m= 0.5808N
(-3.286)(0.5808)= -1.9085N
Normal Force: N=mg
(0.1999)(9.8)=1.9590N
Normal Force for iolab device mass + 1 mass:
(0.4594)(9.8)= 4.5021N
Normal Force for iolab device mass + 2 masses:
(0.5808)(9.8)= 5.6918N
Figure 10.
Friction
Normal Force
-0.5943
1.9590N
-1.6625N
4.5021N
-
1.9085N
5.6918N
μ Values: Ff = uFn
Iolab:
(-0.5943N)= ux ( 1.9590)
μ= -0.303
Iolab with 1 mass added:
(-1.6625N)= ux ( 4.5021)
μ= -0.369
Iolab with 2 masses added:
(
-
1.9085N)= ux ( 5.6918)
μ= -0.335
Average μ values:
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( -0.303)+(-0.369)+(-0.335)/(3)= -0.336
Error Analysis:
Fg: -1.960N, σ: 0.070N
G: -9.81 m/s^2, σ: 0.012 m/s^2
Fg = mg
-1.960N = m(-9.8)
m= 0.1998
Relative error for Fg
(Δx / x)
(.070/1.960) = 0.03571
Relative error for G
(Δx / x)
(.012/9.81) = 0.001223
Multiplication and Division for error
Formula = Δ S =√(∆A / A)^2 + ∆B/ B)^ 2
Δ S = √(0.001223)^2 + (.012)^2
Δ S = 0.001367
Figure 11.
Gravitati
onal
force (N)
Gravitati
onal
Accelerat
ion
(m/s^2)
Accelerat
ion from
push
(m/s^2)
Mass(kg)
Normal
Force(N)
Force of
Friction
(N)
μ
Io lab
device
-1.960N
-9.807
m/s^2
-2.973
m/s^2
0.1999kg
1.960N
0.5943N
0.303
Iolab
device +
1 mass
-4.226N
-9.199
m/s^2
-3.619
m/s^2
0.4594kg
4.226N
1.6625N
0.369
Iolab
device +
2 masses
-5.694N
-9.804
m/s^2
-3.286
m/s^2
0.5808kg
5.694N
1.9085N
0.335
Figure 12.
Free body Diagram
Figure 13.
Conclusion:
The force of friction was a reaction of the force applied to the object. We came across some
errors such as the surface of the table, the weight of the masses added, some calculations, etc.
The reactions were as of expected and we calculated the masses, acceleration of the object and
force. We came to the conclusion that friction increases as more mass is added and although
friction is not completely dependent on the mass as it depends on other things such as material,
the object and table which push against each other and give us a range of different numbers.
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