2306 Unit Test 1 Study Guide (8-week)-1

Texas Government Unit Test 1 Study Guide (8-week) Tejano s - Mexican Texans during the time of the Texas Revolution Homestead law - a law that prevents Texans from losing their homes in the event of bankruptcy or other financial problems Suburbanization - population shifts from urban and rural areas to suburban areas adjacent to major cities Sam Houston - general chosen by government planners to lead the Texas army. He trained the Texas fighters and defeated and captured Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto. Immigration to Texas (reasons)- Popular sovereignty - rule by the people. Stephen F. Austin - Inherited his father's land grants and recruited settlers from the United States to settle in Spanish Texas. #2 Plural executive - the powers of the Governor are limited and distributed amongst other government officials . Empresario - An empresario was a person who had been granted the right to settle on land in exchange for recruiting and taking responsibility for settling the eastern areas of Coahuila y Tejas in the early nineteenth century. Constitutional amendment - a formal revision or addition to the US Constitution . Poverty rate in Texas- Social contract - an agreement in which the governed give up certain freedoms in return for government protection Population growth in Texas- Unitary system - a central government that has complete authority over all levels of government Tx economy in 1800, 1900 and 21 century Supremacy clause- Article VI, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution, which states that the U.S. Constitution and federal laws “shall be the supreme law of the land” Texas miracle - the economic good fortune the state experienced from 2001 to 2008 Federal system - a system of government in which the same territory is controlled by two levels of government . Demographic trend in Texas- Confederal system - a power-sharing arrangement in which a central government’s authority is granted by the individual political units Urbanizatio n- the process of making an area more urban. Enumerated powers- powers that are expressly identified as those on which the federal government alone can act Segregation - the action of separating people, historically on the basis of race and/or gender . Implied powers- powers that the federal government is not expressly granted but is assumed to possess so that Congress can carry out its duties Political Culture- a set of shared values and practices held by people that informs their expectations of government and their vision of a just society The necessary and proper clause- Article 1, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution, which specifies that Congress is allowed to assume additional powers needed to carry out its function Political parties in Texas- Concurrent powers- powers shared between the state and federal governments bill of rights - a formal declaration of the rights of citizens Commerce Clause- gives Congress broad power to regulate interstate commerce and restricts states from impairing interstate commerce Sovereignty - authority over a political entity, such as a province or a state The Tenth Amendment - the Federal Government only has those powers delegated in the Constitution . Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - the Mexican army officer who in 1836 led the attack on the Alamo . Trust in government in T x- local and state government Monarchy - a government run by a single individual, often a king or a queen, until death or abdication Dual federalism - a federalist system in which the government, whether federal, state, or local, has exclusive powers that are reserved to it alone Individualistic / Traditionalistic political culture emphasizes personal achievement, individual freedoms, individual enterprise, and loyalty to self instead of others / the goal of the political system is to maintain order, and a hierarchical set of political elites largely determines public policy- a choice that the government makes in response to a political issue . Full faith and credit clause - Article IV, Section 1, of the U.S. Constitution, which requires that each state respect the rights and proceedings of other states Law and order - a dimension of Texas political culture that demands strict adherence to a fair and adequate criminal justice system and swift enforcement of laws Cooperative federalism- a federalist system in which each level of government has overlapping and intertwined authority over shared issues Minimal government- a government that provides minimal services and interferes as little as possible in the transactions of individuals and institutions Block grant- fixed funds that are transferred to states for implementation of a policy or program Religiosity - the belief, practice, and activity of organized religion New federalism- a federal system that returns greater responsibilities, duties, and funding to the states Constitution- a document that establishes principles, powers, and responsibilities of government Coercive federalism- a system in which the federal government establishes guidelines for the states and may punish the states for not participating Constitution of 1836, 1845, 1861, 1866, 1869. Matching grants- funds the state adds to supplement specific federal government programs The Current Texas constitution- assess the provisions, process, and prospects of amendment. Categorical grants- funds distributed to state or local governments for programs that require those governments to meet conditions established by the federal government Suffrage Preemption- when the federal government grants states permission and funding to implement federal regulations in policy areas, but only if the states comply with a host of conditions Republic 1