final iac104 prep

-allow the young kids to deal with their emotional to encourage build self-strategize to resolve issues. Depression - Mind-brain problem - Gene-brain problem • Genetic component: - Much unknown : the expression and transference of genes for the subsequent generation - Genes impact neural activity in the brain • Raphe nucleus : secretion and distribution of serotonin throughout the brain to modulate level of neural activity • Polymorphism: “higher incidence of…polymorphism coding for a specific substance that transports serotonin, called promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene when compared to non-depresses patients.” • Amygdala activity: genes(polymorphism: S-allele ) predispose abnormal neuronal activity in specific stressful environments/situations = genetic-neural predisposition [ Amygdala- related emotions, can no longer be regulated that impede normal functioning of emotion- collaborated to over activity of AMYGDALA -hyperactive-- genetic predisposition] then hyperactive amygdala malfunction in may not fuction ideally in certain environment- STRESS - the exact mechanism unknow - The exact neural-mental transformation unclear • Philosophical implication : the mind is just the brain? – leaving out genetic and environmental component. - no: gene-brain linkage? - gene-brain- and mental linkage is needed Clinical depression is when one has the no argue or motivative to do things for a prolong period of time. - Not ware of specific gene to specific mutation, polymorphism is correlated with more cases of depression. Specific mutation of gene and development of depression. - it can be recurring re - must live through the hardship, keep real live ideal and real world in close proximity- be honest with self and or when the gap prolongs creating more space of pathology, The world-brain problem • Defects in copies of genes: deletions, insertions and duplications: ongoing research on the genome and its relation to depressions and schizophrenia • Environmental stressors: war, trauma, sexual, physical and psychological abuse affect the duplication of genes and their abnormal expression. = Gene x environment interaction Environmental can increase / decrease -H2O, relationships, food, direct or indirect effect on the way out genome forms – determined how one North off question only mind and genetic component – re emphasis on component of gene and environment of self – of what is actually happing and helps to understand the effect of the interplay of gene – environment and , • Philosophical implications: - **genes: polymorphisms and copy number variants - ***neurons: heavily influenced by gene duplications and expressions - **gene expression: strongly dependent on environmental context Mental activity = gene-neural and neural-ecological interactions - So: gene-brain and world-brain problems, not mind-body(brain) problem. Time and the brain • Glutamate excited neurons: [GOOOD GOOD GOOOD GOOOD GOOD] - Depression: excitation is high and overly active resting-state [Amygdala is hyperactive along with cortical area, gets in a cycle with the negative conversation within self – destructive] - Ketamine blocks glutamate receptors, so it modulates the action of glutamate on the brain - Ketamine acts very fast, unlike drugs that modulate serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline • Neural brain mechanisms operate in different time scales. - Ketamine affects very short time scales - Neural time scales and their integration : a new frontier in neuroscience Addiction mechanism is highest before one open social media- and opening phone reestablishes – affirms expectations/ confirmation, Culturally women have more expectation of the society than men, which is highlighted through social media

- nural mechanism works with a time cycle – sleep and awake cycle – day light and darkness of night - Time and Bain – time via some mechanism that represent the existing world, we represent time objectively – our objectiv of the world- subjectily within the brain – and object The time-brain problem • Depression: - life events - Timing of stressful events - Interpretation of events is subjective - Sleep deprivation in Judy’s case and insomnia - Time scales in the brain - Circadian rhythms: nucleus suprachiasmaticus: match objective time scales - The time-brain problem Increased self and body-focus • Clinical depression: - Very negative emotions, suicidal thoughts, hopelessness, diffuse bodily symptoms, stress sensitivity, rumination, lack of pleasure. - Increased self-focus over environment-focus - Body-focus that is subjective(lived) and abnormal *Some argue that the mind is the lived body (Christoff et al., 2011)- through the subjective nature of the lived body - Northoff thinks this is confused: The lived body is an effect, not the course of the subjective mind • Foreground: self-focus: excess rumination or self-reflection(or self-consciousness): an attempt to cope • Background: environment-focus: very limited, but relief and improvement lies in the change of focus. • Mania is the opposite of depression: excess environment-focus over self and body-focus • Triangular reciprocal relation/balance: (with content over) self, body and environment * The brain is the seat of the above balance, not the mind . The brain • The brain drives the balance: - Medial regions: hyperactive - Lateral regions (DLPFC): hypoactive = medial – lateral neuronal activity balance: based on meta-analyses (And animal studies: activation of genes and effect on neuronal activity) - Studies on train adjectives: show abnormal stimulus-induced activity to self-specific items, like emotional photos or words, which correlated with medial-lateral resting state activity in depressed patients versus non-depressed. • Philosophical implication: Northoff: “minding the brain” over “minding the mind” - There seems to be an intrinsic and inherent reciprocal neuronal balance (environmental or genetic) - And their respective self and environmental- related contents Relational self • Depression teaches us about the nature of self: - The subject of experience is relational – reciprocal dependence(or negative correlation) between self-focus and environment focus - Highly decreased embeddedness: the self is isolated from its immediate physical, familial and professional environment - the relational self (as a concept) needs to be further explored and studied, empirically and conceptually Mind-brain versus world-brain problem • Depression: a phenomenal imbalance - And resting-state activity is also relational, neither purely intrinsic nor extrinsic, as it underpins the relation between brain, body, and environment. - Hence consciousness is relation, just as resting-state is relational in its support of brain, body, and environment relations • Mind-brain problem is substituted by the world-brain problem - As consciousness and self are deeply relational not strictly mental entities.

Emotions and the world-brain problem Emotions versus emotional feelings • Emotional feelings are embodied : sensorimotor and behavioral output • James-Lange theory : feelings are perceptions of physiological changes in body - Anxiety: racing heart - Depression: abnormal somatic perception of body and interoceptive input as pain and anxiety, while heart rate is normal. Damasio’s theory: two–stage processing • Follows James-Lange and adds from neuroscientific studies: - Feelings: perceptions of bodily changes - ( unconscious ) Emotions : first-order neural representations in brainstem and midbrain (e.g., periaqueductal gray, tectum, amygdala ) of bodily inputs to brain - ( conscious emotional feelings ) second-order representations: cingulate gyrus, thalamic nuclei, somatosensory cortex, superior colliculi. - The second-order representations assign conscious feelings or “feeling of emotion” Panksepp’s theory - First-order neuronal representations: enough to trigger emotional feelings - Somatic and environmental input linked to motor output - Any neuronal representation based on sensory input from body and environment generates feelings. Damasio vs. Panksepp: - Damasio: feelings not directly related to body - Panksepp: feelings directly related to body and vegetative states • Panksepp : emotional feelings represent the relation between brain, body and world. - Feelings are existential (e.g., pandemic) - Heidegger: Dasein: our being is existential in a given world - Think about living(existing) on Mars? • Damasio : emotional feelings represent how the brain generates subjective feelings based on first-order representations. This tells us more about the brain than the brain’s relations to its immediate environment . Arousal in context • Criticism of James Lange theory: How do you distinguish emotions based on vegetative or bodily input • Schachter and Singer (1962): epinephrine + actors (context) determine emotional state or emotions Feeling and cognition • Cognitive: higher-order processing (in prefrontal and parietal lobes) lifts unconscious neuronal processing(e.g., amygdala) to consciousness via cognitive functions, such as working memory, language and attention • How do you distinguish between emotions? - Via evaluation and appraisal by higher cognitive functions of context. - And depression, Judy? Does it follow? - Sadness not limited to her but the whole world around her The role of insula in feelings • Where are emotions? - Interception - Exteroception - Cognition? Or cognitive functions • Judy: abnormal somatic sensations in depression (e.g., chest pain, stomach pressure, tightness when breathing) - The right insula’s neural activity is low during depression, and normal in healthy subjects - When low, it leads to anxiety. Why ? - “Mental image of a physical state” (Craig, 2011) - A subjective feeling of “material me” or “bodily me” - It interprets or re-represents interoceptive input from the spinal cord, through hypothalamus, and thalamo-cortical pathway