W9SMYNOTES

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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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SELF 104

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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Discussion Board 9 Considering the content of week nine, I found the emphasis on the world-brain problem fascinating. In certain cases of depression, individuals experience no emotional feelings and no longer feel connected to the people or things surrounding them. Their emotional feelings are out of alignment with the world around them. Emotional feeling is subjective when it comes from a first-person perspective. Therefore, what might feel scary to me may not feel the same to others. One can internalize certain feelings when one experiences a connection to the environment around them, which gives rise to emotional feelings that are linked to the world. Here comes the importance of the brain-world problems since the first-order neural structures and second-order neural structures ultimately make meaning and store input received from the environment. My question regarding week nine is, who considered emotions and feelings to be merely a connection to the perception of bodily changes? Emotions and the world-brain problem Emotions versus emotional feelings • Emotional feelings are embodied : sensorimotor and behavioral output • James-Lange theory : feelings are perceptions of physiological changes in body - Anxiety: racing heart - Depression: abnormal somatic perception of body and interoceptive input as pain and anxiety, while heart rate is normal. Damasio’s theory: two–stage processing • Follows James-Lange and adds from neuroscientific studies: - Feelings: perceptions of bodily changes - ( unconscious ) Emotions : first-order neural representations in brainstem and midbrain (e.g., periaqueductal gray, tectum, amygdala ) of bodily inputs to brain - ( conscious emotional feelings ) second-order representations : cingulate gyrus, thalamic nuclei, somatosensory cortex, superior colliculi. - The second-order representations assign conscious feelings or “feeling of emotion” Panksepp’s theory - First-order neuronal representations: enough to trigger emotional feelings - Somatic and environmental input linked to motor output - Any neuronal representation based on sensory input from body and environment generates feelings. Damasio vs. Panksepp: - Damasio : feelings not directly related to body - Panksepp: feelings directly related to body and vegetative states • Panksepp : emotional feelings represent the relation between brain, body and world. - Feelings are existential (e.g., pandemic) - Heidegger: Dasein: our being is existential in a given world - Think about living(existing) on Mars? • Damasio : emotional feelings represent how the brain generates subjective feelings based on first-order representations. This tells us more about the brain than the brain’s relations to its immediate environment . Arousal in context • Criticism of James Lange theory: How do you distinguish emotions based on vegetative or bodily input • Schachter and Singer (1962): epinephrine + actors (context) determine emotional state or emotions Feeling and cognition • Cognitive: higher-order processing (in prefrontal and parietal lobes) lifts unconscious neuronal processing(e.g., amygdala) to consciousness via cognitive functions, such as working memory, language and attention • How do you distinguish between emotions? - Via evaluation and appraisal by higher cognitive functions of context. - And depression, Judy? Does it follow? - Sadness not limited to her but the whole world around her The role of insula in feelings • Where are emotions?
- Interception - Exteroception - Cognition? Or cognitive functions • Judy: abnormal somatic sensations in depression (e.g., chest pain, stomach pressure, tightness when breathing) - The right insula’s neural activity is low during depression, and normal in healthy subjects - When low, it leads to anxiety. Why ? - “Mental image of a physical state” (Craig, 2011) - A subjective feeling of “material me” or “bodily me” - It interprets or re-represents interoceptive input from the spinal cord, through hypothalamus, and thalamo-cortical pathway to the right insula - Study patients: focused on heartbeat (interoceptive) or tone(exteroceptive): interoceptive attention correlates with high insular activity, DMPFC, and vice versa - Depressed patients : do poorly on heartbeat detection tests and exaggerate their (objective) symptoms • Insula : seems to mediate the attentional balance between internal and external inputs - Receives (interoceptive) input from subcortical regions and the five senses: auditory, tactile, gustatory, somatosensory & olfactory - mediates (as a subjective feeling) our bodily relation with our interoceptive and exteroceptive environments - Judy: the shift is to interoceptive input (brain-self relationship) and isolation from exteroceptive input - Depression : In tone detection test : insular and auditory cortices showed lower activity =Judy’s self-focus and isolation. - Somatoform and depressed patients have similar symptoms without underlying objective factors Relationality of emotional feelings • Insula: Represents the body in relation to the environment, not strictly the body - There is a synchrony between the two : the balance tilts as our attention or awareness tilts, or shifts, between interoceptive and exteroceptive content (e.g., Judy) - Emotional feelings : a representation of the relation of neurocognitive, intero- and exteroceptive inputs - Mediated by the brain but not reduced to the brain only - An EF is our relation to the world and ourselves at the same time Emotional feelings are existential • Against the backdrop of the world around us - Being-in-the-world (Heidegger) - Separation, belonging, control, power, anxiety : experiential belonging through emotional feelings - EF “are place-holders for the brain-world relation and ground our existence” (Northoff, 2016) - Depression alters our relation to the world and to ourselves at the same time - EF are intentional : they are about something (e.g., claustrophobia): dark, narrow rooms .
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