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ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT Ashley Fulks Grand Canyon University SEC 506 10/18/2023 DEVELOPMENT PERIODS Early Adolescence 10-14 years of age During this stage kids are establishing friendships with other kids their age. Parents will get less attention because kids during this phase. During this stage physical changes begin to take place for kids in this phase. Growth spurts occur, puberty, production of sex organs and sexual characteristics. Psychologically, typically this is a stage of increase in cognitive and emotional development (Arnett, 2014). Middle Adolescence 15-16 years of age Adolescents tend to have better ideas for planning and making decisions anytime the opportunity arises. During this stage it becomes more aware that there are consequences for good and bad behavior. Relationships become more personal and valued more. Late Adolescence Age 17-21 Arnett explains that complex thinking is more required in more complex situations for adults during this stage. The number one question that adults think about during this stage is “Who am I?”. It’s thought more of self-focus and the activities planned during this phase. There is a lot of feeling in between and in- transition. Those decisions made during this stage will impact their school and future goals they set for themselves (Arnett, 2014). Advice parents can do to provide assistance to their child during these adolescent development phases:  Encourage extracurricular activities  Be supportive in their child’s goals  Show interest and help them with their goals  Hold a positive relationship so that they will feel they have a safe place to go to  Always provide love in the home and be a good listener when advice is needed

Effects on Development Nature/Nurture: Nature is a biological approach that focuses on how hormones and genetic influence development. Nurture is a behaviorism approach that focuses on how the environment affects development (Dolgin, 2017). Continuity/Discontinuity: Theories that focus on how people change through life. Continuity argues that changes in life occur smoothly. Discontinuity argues that changes occur suddenly (Dolgin, 2017) Early/Late Experiences: Most children develop at different paces. Puberty is less likely to occur at the same time for siblings. Being self-consciousness and anxiety can occur also. Males and females that hit puberty later in life are more likely to experience bullying from peers around them (Dolgin, 2017). They is also a higher chance of teasing that would take place among peers. Key Theories Biological Learning Theory believes that our physical and sexual development is determined by our genetics and physiology (Spano, 2004). Psychoanalytical Learning Theory centers around identity, and the methods in which teens struggle between phases of personalities, as determined by their friends (Spano, 2004). Personalities can mimic off another friend if they have a close relationship. Cognitive Learning Theory Cognitive is the mental action or process of gaining knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses. Jean Piaget listed different stages of mental development for cognitive learning theory:  Sensorimotor Stage: birth to 2 years old  Preoperational Stage: 2 to 7 years  Concrete Operational Stage 7 to 11 years  Formal Operational Stage 12 and up

References: Arnett, J.J. (2014). Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens through the Twenties, Second Edition. Oxford University, Texas Dolgin, K.G. (2017). The Adolescent Development, relationships, and culture (14 th Edition). Spano, S. (2004). Stages of Adolescent Development . Cornell University. Retrieved from. http://www.actforyouth.net/resources

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