9-2 Final Project Submission

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1 Evaluation Report Jolene Whittom PSY-624 Intersection of Law and Psychology Professor Holtgrave September 2, 2023

2 Forensic psychiatrists have two primary objectives when working in the criminal justice system, first they need to focus on the deterrence of recidivism, while also providing mental health treatment, and thus this discipline is situated at the confluence betwixt the mental health treatment and the criminal justice system. Literature Review Non-Violent Offenders A non-violent offender is an individual whose criminality does not involve using violence or causing corporeal injury to another person. While the offender is committing the crime their intention individual focuses on a particular objective, for example purse snatchers, drug and alcohol crimes, and white-collar crimes, that does not include causing harm to any person in the vicinity or connected to the crime (Albalawi et al., 2019). Theft is the type of criminality graded by the monetary worth of the destruction or cost to the victim, frequently this type of crime has an emotional impact on the victim because the destroyed or lost item may be sentimentally and/or physically unable inimitable. In America, the most frequently seen drug and alcohol crimes are drug possession charges and driving under the influence (DUI) (Albalawi et al., 2019). The biggest concern with these types of offenses is that when a person commits their first drug or alcohol related offense it is permanently on their record, this mark can make finding employment and housing difficult, which frequently results in the person relapsing back into their substance use and/or criminal behaviors, thus on the path to recidivism. Olayan Albalawi and colleagues (2019) state that there are a substantial number of persons in the judicature that have mental health illnesses, and that court-based forensic divagation programs and partnership services have been created to grapple with these issues, however, research has demonstrated there is elevated rates of mental illness amid prisoners,

3 predominantly psychosis, major affective disorders, and personality disorders that have a comorbidity with substance use disorder, resulting in the prisoners have dual diagnoses. Research has also proven that there is a substantial correlation betwixt having a mental condition and criminality, and there the increased criminality by individuals that have a mentally illness, often results in recidivism (Albalawi et al., 2019). They examined the efficacy of court diversion programs in lessening recidivism amongst persons with a diagnosis of psychosis by examining the groups ordered to get and the comparison grouping that received a disciplinary punishment. Employing Cox regression models to detect causes connected with recidivism, the study resulted in 7743 persons classified as having a diagnosis of a psychotic condition preceding their sentence determination hearing for their initial crime. In total, 26% of the group received a ruling to attend treatment and 74% received a correctional penalty. The recidivism percentage in the treatment grouping was 12% smaller than the correctional penalty grouping. In conclusion, amongst persons with a significant mental disorder, like psychosis, ordered to attend treatment instead of a correctional penalty, there was a decreased probability of reoffending (Albalawi et al., 2019). It is important to note that upon additional examinations showed that if the individual does not receive mental health treatment succeeding their initial crime they had an augmented chance of recidivism, which highlights the imperativeness of treating prisoners’ mental health disorders when the first arrive in the criminal justice system (Albalawi et al., 2019). American states have struggled to restructure the criminal justice system through a ruling usually denoted as the Justice Reinvestment Initiatives (JRI), the purpose being to decrease prison usage focusing on nonviolent offences, and redirecting the money that saved from decreased incarcerations to research-based stratagems that decrease recidivism (Leymon et al., 2022). A plethora of states, including Oregon, are conducting experiments with JRI-related

4 approaches amid nonviolent offenders. Oregon's JRI focuses on nonviolent offenders, which includes driving illegally, using illicit substances, and possessions crimes. At the end of 2018, the Bureau of Justice Statistics estimated that 42.3% of the 1.3 million persons incarcerated in Oregon state were in incarcerated for theft of personal assets, illicit substances, or public disorder offenses, which are all non-violent crimes (Leymon et al., 2022). Leymon and associates (2022) reported that owing to rising expenditures and facing the prospective opening of an innovative correctional facility, Oregon adopted its version legislature that focused on non-violent criminalities to decrease prison usage, decrease recidivism, sustain community protection, and raise offender answerability. Their research assessed the effect a non-violent offender’s incarcerated length of stay (LOS) for their first act of criminality had on their future arrests and/or incarcerations for non-violent crimes. This study employed a quasi-experimental scheme, using a marginal means increment by way of stratification (Leymon et al., 2022). These outcomes suggested that legislators could deliberate on ordering briefer sentences minus foregoing public security. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria states that 53.4% of convicts have substance use disorder (SUD), in comparison a projected 13.0% of males and 5.5% of females in societal populaces, aged 18 years or over. Amongst criminals on probation, 69% stated they have used illicit substances, which included 32% admitting to partaking in illicit substances within the month prior to their recent offense (Belenko, Hiller, & Hamilton, 2013). Additionally, 32% of state penitentiary prisoners were actively using illicit substances while they were engaging in criminal offenses, and 16.5% recounted perpetrating their offense to get cash to obtain illicit substances (Belenko, Hiller, & Hamilton, 2013). Illicit drug usage raises the probability of prolonged participation in illegal actions, with higher occurrences of relapsing and

5 recidivism being the cause for criminality by people that are addicted to illicit substances. Now, there are efficacious treatment approaches for non-violent drug offenders. Which includes approaches that link offenders to treatment, for example soon after their arrest, an offender can have a screening, transitory intercession, and recommendation to treatment, or sent to a community treatment program under legal supervision circumstances, or as an alternative to going to prison. Many districts have special drug treatment courts into which offenders may be diverted prior to trial or placed in following conviction and several of these approaches coincide with people who are seeking SUD in their community, such as residentials treatment programs, outpatient treatment programs, being ordered to drug dependency court, and attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) or Narcotics Anonymous (NA) meetings (Belenko, Hiller, & Hamilton, 2013). Violent Offenders Forensic psychology has advanced significantly since its inception. In its early development, comprehending violent criminality centered on aberrancy and malady, however, as the discipline advanced through a continuum of interpositions, approaches were created with the intent of eliminating or decreasing derelictions. Forensic practitioners implemented aversion therapies, as a trendy technique to contend with aberrant unrealities, cognitive-behavior treatment utilized a prototype to contest and thwart adverse involuntary feelings and cognitive misrepresentations, whereas psychodynamic treatments wanted to purge persons of their perverse distortions. Taylor and Hocken (2021), posit that by addressing the aspects that facilitate the possibility of criminality, that forensic clinicians must comprehend the roots of such aspects and establish intercessions that identify the practicable facets of criminogenic capabilities. Taylor and Hocken’s (2021) research supply are a hypothetical base for an innovative approach for the treatment of violent criminals called the Trauma Sensitive Practice (TSP), which affords a

6 transformative comprehension of anthropological malignancy together with a synopsis of the effect of hardship and maltreatment on the developing youth. The study posits a primary context that utilizes compassion-focused help for threat reducing interpositions with males that have caused injury to innocent people. The concept is that this novel treatment approach advocates forensic clinicians to utilize a trauma informed method to their interposition treatment plan and implementation. This new treatment approach incorporates compassion-focused treatment to interposition that excogitates criminogenic capabilities which includes holism and functionality within its context. Forensic interpositions do not routinely incorporate Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) into the approach because the research has been lacking in assimilating substantiation from adverse childhood experience study and have consequently experienced limitations in their capability to encompass the effectual roots of criminogenic necessity (Taylor & Hocken, 2021). Forensic clinicians that incorporate aspects of TSP into the interposition treatments afford clinicians the occasion to focus on the prevention of re-offending, whilst also granting offenders the opportunity to process their individual ACE’s and hardships. The TSP method recognizes that children who experience trauma have an increased probability of having a negative psychological affect by the vexing or ominous events, and thus these ACE’s have lifelong impacts on the person’s psychological, emotive, and corporeal welfare (Taylor & Hocken, 2021). The CDC (2023) reports that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) have the potential to have a huge influence on forthcoming violent behavior, succumbing to distinct types of abuse, becoming a perpetrator, and ACE’s can negatively affect the individual’s health and capacity for personal success. A singular incident, like a severe auto collision, a natural disaster, or the exposure to extended distressing conditions, for instance child maltreatment, witnessing criminality, or neglect can produce ACE’s. It is also important to note that experiencing more

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