4-Bromoacetanalide

1. Our percent yield for alcohol was 84.2% which is average. We rushed through our vacuum filtration and probably did not let the solid dry long enough and might have not transferred all of the solid to the vacuum filtration from the beaker.

A few sources of potential error are as follows: loss of product on glassware throughout the experiment, inadequate measuring of chemicals, "impure" chemicals being worked with, and loss of final product during crystallization processes.

In the synthesis of bromoacetanilide, the crude yield was 0.69g and the purified yield was 0.53g (a difference of 0.26g from the theoretical and resulting in a 67% yield). The recovery of the pure product from the initial crystallization was 77%. The less than 100% yield could have been a result of adding too much hot solvent. Adding too much would result in a solution that is unsaturated and therefore when cooled, some of the product remains dissolved in the solvent. This would cause fewer crystals to recrystallize and decrease the yield.

The reaction involves a nucleophilic acyl substitution on an aldehyde, with the leaving group concurrently attacking another aldehyde in the second step. First the Potassium hydroxide attacks a carbonyl, which forms a tetahedral intermediate which then collapses when attacked by another hydroxide. The carbonyl is formed again when its hydride attacks another carbonyl. In the final step of the reaction, the acid and alkoxide ions formed exchange a proton. In the presence of a very high concentration of base, the aldehyde first forms a doubly charged anion from which a hydride ion is transferred to the second molecule of aldehyde to form carboxylate and alkoxide ions. Subsequently, the alkoxide ion acquires a proton from the solvent.

When we were mixing the filtration and letting it vent periodically, we lost some of it. So our percent recovery is as follows:

The filter paper, holding the aspirin crystals, was removed from the funnel and was left to dry before being weighed. Once the aspirin crystals were weighed, the theoretical yield and the percent yield of the experiment were calculated. The procedure was repeated once more using the same steps.

Identifying this organic acid was an extensive task that involved several different experiments. Firstly, the melting point had to be determined. Since melting point can be determined to an almost exact degree, finding a close melting point of the specific unknown can accurately point to the identification of the acid. In this case the best melting point

The purposes of this experiment were to model a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction between potassium hydroxide (KOH) with 1-bromopropane and determine whether it follows a second-order rate law mechanism. A rate constant of 0.0684 M-1 min-1 was obtained for this reaction at 45.1°C, which was determined through equilibrating the reaction and performing titrations of 0.390 M KOH with 0.1000 M hydrochloric acid (HCl). The activation energy calculated from class data was 50.188 kJ/mol, which deviated largely from the literature range value of 72.80–83.76 kJ/mol. It was concluded that the reaction was consistent with the predicted SN2 mechanism, based on the regression of a trendline.

Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. In these reactions, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) and reacts with an electrophilic reagent (an electron pair acceptor) resulting in the replacement of a hydrogen on the aromatic ring with the electrophile. Due to the fact that the conjugated 6π-electron system of the aromatic ring is so stable, the carbocation intermediate loses a proton to sustain the aromatic ring rather than reacting with a nucleophile. Ring substituents strongly influence the rate and position of electrophilic attack. Electron-donating groups on the benzene ring speed up the substitution process by stabilizing the carbocation intermediate. Electron-withdrawing groups, however, slow down the aromatic substitution because formation of the carbocation intermediate is more difficult. The electron-withdrawing group withdraws electron density from a species that is already positively charged making it very electron deficient. Therefore, electron-donating groups are considered to be “activating” and electron-withdrawing groups are “deactivating”. Activating substituents direct incoming groups to either the “ortho” or “para” positions. Deactivating substituents, with the exception of the halogens, direct incoming groups to the “meta” position. The experiment described above was an example of a specific electrophilic aromatic

When vacuum filtering the solid through Buchner funnel, some of the product passed the funnel paper and this might cause the loss of the product. However, the high yield is also possible meaning of presence of

The mechanism of an SN1 reaction is consistent. First, the leaving group leaves forming the carbocation. The intermediate carbocation is planar and achiral. The nucleophile is then free to attack from either side of the carbocation, which forms the substituted product in either a racemic mixture or with some form of

Bromocriptine has been linked to episodes of sudden sleep onset, particularly in patients with Parkinson's disease. Before starting treatment, understand that your ability to operate equipment or vehicles may impose unintended injuries. Your doctor may recommend a reduction in dosage or a termination of treatment.

Adipotide was first synthesized by Dr.Wadih Arap and Renata Pasqualini in their efforts to develop a drug with therapeutic properties in the treatment of cancer. The researchers specifically designed this

There are two residues that are the most important for the catalysis, both are Glutamic Acid at the positions E165 and E373, one acting as a nucleophile and the other as an acid/base. The mechanism was proposed using Para-nitrophenyl b-D-glucopyranoside, where the R is a p-nitrophenyl. To discover if these two residues are really involved in the mechanism, they mutated the E165 to a Q165, in the Q165 there is a -NH2 instead a -O, so the second hydrolysis cannot occur.

Aromatic compounds tend to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition reactions. Substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance-stabilized carbocation. As the benzene ring is quite electron-rich, it almost always behaves as a nucleophile in a reaction which means the substitution on benzene occurs by the addition of an electrophile. Substituted benzenes tend to react at predictable positions. Alkyl groups and other electron-donating substituents enhance substitution and direct it toward the ortho and para positions. Electron-withdrawing substituents slow the substitution and direct it toward the meta positions.