Health Care Case Study

With the close proximity infection range TB is known for completes the remainder of the epidemiologic triangle. Overcrowded environments are the coal to the fire of this transmittable disease with outbreaks capable of occurring, infection hundreds. Common symptoms of this active form of tuberculosis include: weight loss, coughing, fatigue, fever, night sweats, chills, and loss of appetite (MayoClinic, 2014). The Mayo Clinic also states that it is believed that 2 billion (one third) of the world population is living with Latent TB (2014). This emphasizes the need for public health and community involvement in order to completely abolish this disease from our planet.

TB is still proven to be a top killer around the world, and with more cases of drug resistant TB being reported daily, the cost of treating and preventing this disease will continue to be on the rise.

The majority of the studies collected retrospective data via a reporting system from Emergency Departments (EDs) in the US and Canada. This does not account for the number of TBIs which are treated in general practice or clinic settings or by EDs which do not use those specific reporting systems. There is also the ongoing issue of underreporting which, while being well-known, is nearly impossible to fully account for.

This quote explains how those with little money that are trying to treat TB, in various

Tuberculosis is a disease of an infectious nature caused by a bacterium known as mycobacterium tuberculosis. The disease spreads through the air. People with the disease can spread it to susceptible people through coughing, sneezing, talking or spitting. It mainly affects the lungs and other parts such as the lymph nodes and kidneys can also be affected. The symptoms for TB are fatigue, coughing, night sweats, weight loss and fever. One third of the population of the world is affected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. The rate of infection is estimated to be one person per second. About 14 million people in the world are infected with active tuberculosis. Drug resistant TB has been recorded to be a serious public health hazard in many countries. Resistant strains have developed making it difficult to treat the disease. TB has caused millions of death mainly in people living with HIV/AIDS ADDIN EN.CITE Ginsberg19981447(Ginsberg, 1998)1447144717Ginsberg, Ann M.The Tuberculosis Epidemic: Scientific Challenges and OpportunitiesPublic Health Reports (1974-)Public Health Reports (1974-)128-13611321998Association of Schools of Public Health00333549http://www.jstor.org/stable/4598234( HYPERLINK l "_ENREF_3" o "Ginsberg, 1998 #1447" Ginsberg, 1998). The World Health Organization came up with the DOTS (Directly Observed, Therapy, Short course) strategy. The approach involves diagnosing cases and treating patients with drugs for about 6-8

A resolution was introduced by the Minister of Health ”Through this Framework, the federal government will focus its efforts on reducing the burden of tuberculosis within those populations by: Optimizing and enhancing current efforts to prevent and control active tuberculosis disease, facilitating the identification and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection for those at high risk of developing active tuberculosis disease, and championing collaborative action to address the underlying risk factors for tuberculosis.” (The Honourable Rona Ambrose, P.C., M.P Minister of Health). In 2004, total tuberculosis-related expenditures in Canada were estimated at $74 million dollars, with the average cost of treating a case of active tuberculosis being approximately $47 thousand dollars. Treatment for latent TB infection, on the other hand, is estimated to be less than $1000 per

This study involved reviewed a program to determine the effectiveness of a program to control drug sensitive TB by improving the treatment adherence of patients. The study compared the results of a patient program involving education and counseling of the patient and family members followed by Text messages and phone calls to remind them to take medications and monitor treatment and side effects. This is compared to the WHO recommended treatment of requiring the patient to make daily visits to TB outpatient centers for drug administration.

Little was known about treatment and prevention of the disease at that time. It was not until 1953 that the United States began collecting data and reports on the 84,304 new cases of TB. This data could be used in research. TB was recognized as a preventable deadly disease, and a common goal to eradicate TB was adopted. Over the next 32 years, the new TB cases dropped 74%. By 1985, there were only 22,201 TB cases. History notes that law makers and public health officials became complacent and thought they had found the solution for eradicating TB. Resources for TB surveillance, prevention, and treatment options were reduced, while homeless numbers increased. This changed history as from 1985 to 1992 TB rates started to increase. Data collected from demographic regions and surveillance records show TB cases rose by 20% in those seven years to equal new 26,673 cases, and the estimated number of TB cases (old and new cases together) during that time was more than 64,000 cases. This was the last recorded peek in TB history. Since 1992, there has been a decrease of 67% in all TB cases. Studies reflect this decrease from 10.5 to 3.4 per 100,000 persons. Much credit for this continued decline is attributed to state and federal aid in addition to the state and local programs aimed at fighting TB and the helping the homeless population. Continued public education, proactive surveillance,

In the fall of 2005, a homeless man from another state arrived in Maine who has been incompletely treated for tuberculosis (TB). He had several incarcerations within the next year and exposed the disease to other inmates. In addition, he exposed the disease to people at the homeless shelter; more than 100 persons were exposed between the shelter and county jail and transmission to 6 homeless men was manifested. Maine public health officials work with him to educate him on TB and how they will administer the necessary treatment in a comfortable/secure environment. The patient did not want to receive the treatment; however public

This article examines the death ratios and accesses the clinical aspect of person that have been diagnose with tuberculosis (TB) and admitted to the ICU. The study was conducted, at the “medical ICU of a university hospital” from 2009 to 2014. The five-year study include the patient with positive skin and radiological manifestation of Tb, as well as those with positive cultures and excluded those who had received treatment a month earlier. The age, gender and overall health was also taken in to account. The study consisted of only 16 patients. By the end of the five-year study it was determined that all the contributed factors on mortality rate were drugs, related disease such as HIV, delayed treatment, and acute respiratory failure. Seven of the 16 patients died, four of the seven had pneumonia and of the eight patients with nosocomial and coinfection only one survived.

The Lancet is a high-qualified journal platform of medical sciences in the world. It aims to provide accurate medical researches and reports for professionals and amateurs who are interested in Medicine and the interfering area. This qualitative study explores the efforts Chinese government had made in the disease control programs and the public health systems in order to achieve the global target of tuberculosis control. The outcome of the commitment to tuberculosis control was evaluated through the 2000 national tuberculosis survey conducted throughout China. It’s concluded that China made great progress on the health plan after 1990s but still needs to emphasize on both the health program and the control system to reach their goal for preventing

Japan has a good healthcare system (OECD, 2015), and it was estimated that universal health coverage and social protection was about 87%, which is one of the highest proportions in the world, in 2015 (WHO, 2017). Moreover, the rate of MDR-TB patients was 0.5%, and Japan is the fifth largest donor to ‘The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria’ (Kunii , 2017). In light of these facts, the Japanese situation seems to be different from what is occurring globally. With regards to public health, an important framework for considering the sustainability and resilience of possible implementations is ‘economy, society and environment’ (Martin, 2015, p. 81). Hence, applying this framework to Japan, the society facet is its sizeable elderly population and the environmental facet involves both patient and doctor delay. The key factor in terms of the economic aspect is Japan’s socially vulnerable population. Kawatsu, Ishikawa and Uchimura (2015) state that in order to enable Japan to become a low TB incidence country, Japan should take the groups that are high risk but that have low populations into consideration. These groups are the homeless and foreigners. The TB incidence rates for these two groups are much lower than for low TB incidence countries, however there is a slightly increasing trend for these groups (Tuberculosis

Georgia achieved significant progress in the management of tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR- TB) related to irregular intake of anti-TB drugs and drug withdrawals. Nevertheless, Georgia still remains among the world's 27 countries where the scale of MDR-TB is considered a public health issue (WHO,INT, 2012).

India, the second most populous country with over 1.31 billion people, has the highest burden of tuberculosis (TB) in the world, accounting for 20% of the global incidence of TB, and an even higher share of global incidence of multi–drug resistant (MDR) TB. With an estimated 2 million new cases of TB and 5, 00,000 TB-related deaths in India annually, those who got diagnosed with different forms of DR-TB were 35,385 cases but only 20,753 people started on multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment in 2013. The National Tuberculosis Program was launched in 1962, but suffered heavily continuing TB led mortality. Acknowledging this reality, a Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was launched by the Government of India in 1997, however even today it does not comply with World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations.

As mentioned in the previous section, high TB notification rates in Hong Kong every year reveals the severity, reported statistics from CHP (CHP, 2016). Though there are decreasing TB notification cases, TB still puts pressure on Hong Kong’s citizens. In 1939, around 4,500 TB deaths report before the invasion by Japan, which made TB become a notifiable disease (DH, 2006). During the World War II, the unstable social conditions, poor nutrition, and serious overcrowding in Hong Kong increased the number of cases who died from TB (DH, 2006). As a result, with the influx of refugee from Mainland China, TB became the top killer in Hong Kong (DH, 2006). In 1940-1950, the Hong Kong Government and the Hong Kong Anti-Tuberculosis Association created plans for TB control services, after the development in anti-TB drugs and provided services for TB patients (DH, 2006). TB notification rate and death rate of Hong Kong reached its peak in 1951-1952 when prevention and treatment of TB was not yet commonly use (CHP, 2016). Afterwards, the usage of streptomycin and the BCG injection to newborn babies and schoolchildren decreased the amount of notification rate and death rate (DH, 2006). However, some TB patients had difficulties to complete the anti-TB treatment. Therefore, Directly Observed Treatment (DOT) was considered. The death rate of TB dropped dynamically to less than 1,500 cases after the usage of the DOT in 1970 (WHO, 2016). After 21st century, the new cases of TB dropped to less