Arguably the most famous and distinctive plant of the island of Socotra in the Arabian Sea, the Dragon’s Blood trees, Dracaena cinnabari, have long held a fascination over those who have lived and worked among them, due to their alien-like appearance and unusual shape. Unlike other member of the Dracaenaceae family the Dracaena cinnabari produces a red resin from the bark after wounding. The medicinal and coloring properties of this resin, along with other dragon trees, was recorded by the ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome. Today, it continues to be used in medicines, dyes, varnish and incense all over the world. Dracaena cinnabari belongs to the Plantae Kingdom. Its Phylum is Tracheophyta, its class is Liliopsida, its Order is Liliales, its Family is Dracaenaceae, and its genus is Dracaena. The Dracaenaceae is a group of about 160 species of tropical trees, shrubs and herbs in the monocotyledonous genera Dracaena and Sansevieria. The Dracaenaceae were formally included in the Agavaceae. Dracaena trees are distributed through the Canary Island, Madeira, Cape Verde Islands and Morocco, tropical Africa, a few in Asia and one species in South America. Most of these tough succulent plants are frequently seen decorating shopping malls and offices and are popular as undemanding houseplants. Dracaena cinnabari is endemic to Soqotra (Socotra), Yemen, a 3625 km^2 island 235 km east of the horn of Africa in the Indian Ocean. The first description of Dracaena cinnabari was
The WC was only found in the B6 to the C10 indexes, which showed the middle stage. Also, the cactus found only in indexes C7 to D10 represented the late stage, or the “climax community”. We also found the CJ appearing in the early middle, showing the zone that it occurs in. The tall green leaf plant was found only during the early B stage, therefore, it must only survive in dry, sandy soil. In addition, we found some horse tails only in the A index, this represents a primary succession, whereas in index D, it may have been more of a secondary succession due to the soil being wetter and
Civilization, derived from the latin word “civis” meaning “citizen”, or simply someone who lives in a city. However, what is the difference between a group of people who live in a town and our modern concept of civilization. To find the answer to that question we can turn to the civilizations of ancient times. The beginning of civilization as we know it began in the Neolithic era. This era began with a very distinct change to the way of life, from the old way of migrating constantly to wherever the food roams to settling down in one area and growing food to sustain oneself. Yet, the first civilizations were more than just people who stayed in the same place, grew their own food, and relied on water and shelter. They had something that made them standout from the people around them. Each ancient civilization had different values and cultures that led to the diverse institutions founded by these ancient civilizations.
Throughout history there have been many great empires, but none have made a greater impact than the Greek and Roman empires. These empires began as small city-states, and grew to become the powerful empires we know today. The Greek and Roman empires were not always enemies, considering the Romans were greatly influenced by the Greek culture. The two civilizations shared many similarities, but had different opinions on government operations. There are three different periods that span the history of the Greek and Roman empires; the Hellenic, Hellenistic, and Roman civilization. I will thoroughly examine the differences in religion, philosophy, societal struggles, territory expansion, trade, commerce and the decline of each
Ancient civilizations are a big part of history but we wouldn’t know them as they are today without them going through and facing all the problems. China and Greece had many of the same problems but solved them differently. I believe that Greeks solved their problems in a better way than Chinese.
Ancient Greece and Rome were the first to implement democracy. Though both democracies eventually failed, both were very successful for a long time. If they were both successful at first, one must wonder why they both failed. These democracies were attempted in different places and times by what were some of the most powerful empires of their times. This question is even more pressing in the United States due to their use of the same form of government. Though they were implemented thousands of years apart parallels are often drawn between the Roman and American democracies. The Greek and Roman democracies had unique structures and they each fell apart in a different way; Greece became entrapped in violent times while Rome fell to the greed of its own people.
This point of reference after the fall of Rome and Greece known as “the Middle Ages” also defined as the Dark Ages. Dark Ages denote customary light-versus-darkness; the contrast to "darkness" reveals a period void of light, a period of intellectual darkness. Some segments of Europe during this period lacked sufficient historical and written archive records. The conception of the Dark Age originated with the Italian scholar, poet, and Renaissance humanist David Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca) in the 1330s.
The Greek and Roman Civilizations were quite similar in their Art, their Women’s Rights, and
Kucuk and Erturk (2013) surveyed Protected Areas in Turkey reported that flora and fauna are very rich with a high endemism and wider genetic diversity with more than 90000 species including flora and fauna which cover approximately 9500 vascular plants, 4000 lower plants.
The assimilation between nations through tradition, camaraderie, and intermarriage had a considerable amount of impact on ancient Rome. Rome was originally governed by the Etruscans, but when the Romans proceeded to conquer them, Etruscan heritage and culture continued to be passed down from generation to generation. Alliances played an important role in acculturation by increasing integration between nations. Another example of the growth and development of Rome was when the Plebeians protested against the Patricians for political rights. All of these aspects allowed Rome to be able to expand and continue being successful.
When it comes to culture, politics, and society, the five classical civilizations of Greece, Rome, Persia, India, and China were similar in ways, but also different which made each its own.
It is often said that Rome defeated Greece, but Greek culture conquered Rome and it is true. First, the great civilisations started out with a similar status as common city-states. Although, ancient Greece was position near an irregular coastline mixed with mountain terrain, which isolated the Greek cities from another, whereas, the Roman was geographic ally better-off as the cities were positioned near a north-south plain, which was bordered by mountains to the east and the sea to the west. Hence, the empire was exposed to immigrates and invasions from southern Italy, and Sicily – However, in spite of this factor, the position of the empire was still in better-set than that of the Greek empire that appeared to be isolated from the world.
The essential oil compositions and their percentages differed between the studied populations. The major parts of oil highly varied between the samples. Various studies (e.g. Figueiredo et al., 2008; Lakuŝić et al., 2012) proved that populations of the same species collected from different habitat have diverse essential oil composition. Because, the essential oils biosynthesis is under the influence of many abiotic and biotic factors. Formisano et al., (2015) stated the plant phytochemical composition is strongly influenced by the environment condition, and this is particularly true for medicinal herbs.
For the clarification of the candidate species status, detailed phylogenetic analyses was performed and a 16S and COI divergence survey were conducted for each family using 16S and COI data from the DNA database data. Among the examined family, it was observed that for 16S rRNA based phylogenetic tree all the members formed clade according to their taxonomy. Only
5. Lagundi (Vitex negundo) – known in English as the “5-leaved chaste tree”. It’s main use is for the relief of coughs and asthma.
On Wednesday the 18th February the year 12 biology class went to Siren 's Rock between Island bay and Owhiro bay to study community patterns. The community pattern we were studying was zonation on the rocky shore. Zonation is when an environmental factor changes, the distribution of species changes which results in the species being present in zones or bands. In this report I am going to talk about the Cellana denticulata limpet, the Cellana radian and the relationship between the two species.