1. Research hypothesis (pg. 48): The stated, expected results of the study.
Hammig and Jozkowski (2013) state that others have hypothesized that “truancy or absence from school due to fear of attending school may modify the effect of the relationship between bullying victimization and academic achievement.”
2. Descriptive statistics (pg. 121): Numbers used to summarize and describe data. The Morrow, Hubbard, and Swift (2014) study includes an excellent example of descriptive statistics. Survey results for participating fifth graders are displayed in Table 2 on page 311. The table is even titled, “Descriptive statistics for raw variables.” The variables are listed on the left-hand side of the table and include items such as physical victimization, verbal victimization, and social manipulation. For each variable, the table summarizes the minimum, maximum, mean, standard deviation, skewness, and alpha values.
3. Measure of central tendency (pg. 124): Single statistical scores obtained by calculating the typical or central value of the entire set of scores. Examples of central tendency are median, mode, and mean. Schwartz, Gorman, Nakamoto, and Toblin’s (2005) research study contains a table showing the mean and standard deviations for twelve variables examined. The variables include peer overt victimization, peer relationship victimization, negative mood, and interpersonal problems.
4. Mean (pgs. 125-126): The average of all scores in
Most kids say that they don’t see bullying around school. In just Minnesota alone there is talk about bullying and how to prevent it. Sen. Franken states, “Nine out of 10 LGBT kids are harassed or bullied in school. One-third report having skipped school in the last month because they felt unsafe” (Shah 14). Kids should not feel unsafe to go to school. School is supposed to be a safe place to go and if someone needs help there are supposed to be people there to guide them. Franken adds, “But the sad fact is that our federal laws are failing” (Shah 14). Laws have been made to try to stop bullying, but bullying continues to exist. This shows how out of control bullying is becoming.
The third and final study simply explored the harmful effects of bullying and how they came to be. They interviewed children and surveyed adults who were victims of bullying at some point in their lives. Some of the more common short term effects they discovered include anger, anxiety, depression, interference with work or school and suicidal thoughts. Uncovered patterns of long term effects include self-esteem issues, difficulty trusting others, bitterness, and increased risk of being bullied in the future. (Lynch, E.
The example below lists the results for numbers 6-10. The measures of central tendency include mean, median, and mode. In this example the measures of central tendency will be calculated based on row B, which indicates the number of months that a particular employee has been with the company. The data being analyzed is the
Medline is a system that helps you test between parenting behaviors and peer victimization (Lereya, Samara & Wolke, 2013). They use a system called Meta-Analysis which was conducted for systematic reviews of observational studies (Lereya, Samara & Wolke, 2013). First they conducted a literature search for cross- sectional and longitudinal studies of the association between parenting behavior and peer victimization (Lereya, Samara & Wolke, 2013). The keywords used in the process with the MEDLINE testing were bully, victim, authoritarian parents, hostility, warmth, punitive, neglectful, aggression, discipline, sensitive, encouragement, reject, family, and communication (Lereya, Samara & Wolke, 2013). The overall systematic literature search included 11,741 articles (Lereya, Samara & Wolke, 2013). They were scenarios put with each of those words from both parents and children to test the differences in each result. In order to get good result, the study had to meet three criteria (Lereya, Samara & Wolke, 2013). Firstly, the study had to include measures of the peer victimization at school and parenting behavior that was directly related to the child (Lereya, Samara & Wolke, 2013). The studies used self- report, peer nominations, or teachers or parent reports (Lereya, Samara & Wolke, 2013). Secondly, the authors had to
To expect greatness in any field of life, it all starts from a place of quality education and that's what America has constantly strived for. School is the place where everyone is given equal opportunity to learn and shape himself or herself into contributing members of society. At the same time each individual’s academic success defines what it means to have a good life. Unfortunately, schools face lots of problems trying to do the right thing. Among major challenges that schools face, bullying has a strong attribution to the poor academic experience among student victims. Today, students still risk being bullied everyday. This paper studies bullying in secondary school with
Bullying in Australian primary schools has become an epidemic, having a negative effect on children’s learning and development (Lodge, 2014). Therefore, it is crucial that schools and teachers are aware, understand and educated on how bullying can impact children’s learning and development; to be able to effectively implement policies, respond, educate and eliminate bullying in the school environment.
Measures of central tendency are scores that represent the center of the distribution. Three of the most common measures of central tendency are:
The definition of bullying victimization is most often attributed to Daniel Olweus; who defined bullying victimization as an act in which a person is exposed to negative actions that are intended to inflict physical, mental or emotional distress (Olweus, 1994). One of the most significant consequences of bullying victimization is the observation that it occurs most often in repeated cycles that can affect the long-term emotional stability of the victim (Nansel, Overpeck, Haynie, Ruan, & Scheidt, 2003 ). Studies indicate that bullying victimization experiences often leave victims prone to defiant or delinquent behaviors, poor school performance, and anger or aggression problems (Nadel, Spellman., Alvarez-Canino, Lausell-Bryant,
Rather, their scores will be spread out. Some will be lower and others higher. Measures of spread help us to summarize how spread out these scores are. To describe this spread, a number of statistics are available to us, including the range, quartiles, absolute deviation, variance andstandard deviation.
One weakness related to this study is that it is a correlation study; therefore, it was not possible to draw any conclusions about casual relationships between risk factors and externalizing problems (Baldry, 2007). Another weakness is that measures of direct and indirect victimization and those measuring externalizing symptoms were based only on self reports. Other sources such as teachers, social workers, and parents should be used in continuing studies to bring about new findings. Total variance explained for each externalizing problems was low, which means that this problem remains mostly unexplained by this model.
Bullying can be hard to define, because research has shown that it comes in many forms which makes it difficult to find one set of characteristics that will describe a bully. Conclusively, studies have defined bullying as a set of repeated aggressive behavior that is intended to harm someone, which usually involves an imbalance of power between the victim and the perpetrator (Morgan, 2012, p. 174). Studies have shown that there are two distinct types of bullying, which is a direct form of verbal and physical aggression, and indirect, which often results in name calling, rumors and exclusion (Aluedse, 2006, p. 38). This form of peer victimization can have devastating effects on a child 's academic work and their physical and psychological well being (Limber, 2003, p. 23). In terms of gender, boys are more likely to be involved in physical bullying (direct) as for girls are more likely to be involved in indirect bullying (Wang et al, 2009, p. 371). Previous research indicates, that parents and friends are two important factors of social interaction associated with bullying and victimization among adolescences. Bullying is quite common among middle school children, because it is during this time that children go through puberty and hormonal changes. During this time students are looking to be accepted and fit into a specific group; however, when there is a lack of acceptance and esteem due to victimization, this can cause children to isolate themselves from those around them
According to research, children who bully are more likely to end up with criminal records as adults (Lazarus & Pfohl, 2010). A combination of influences and experiences shape the bully 's thoughts and actions. The family life of the perpetrator holds a lot of weight when considering a bully 's actions. In addition, school and community situations such as poor teacher-student relationships, lack of engagement in school activities, negative or unsafe neighborhoods, and modeled violence all potentially have negative impacts on a student 's demeanor (Swearer & Hymel, 2015). Regardless of how a bully is
Bullying among adolescents is an important health problem because it is harmful. Between 20% and 56% of young people are involved in bullying annually (Marci Feldman Hertz, July 2013). Research shows that both bullying victimization and perpetration are associated with psychosocial problems. Previous studies have found that victims, perpetrators, and bully-victims demonstrate elevated levels of depression,
Why is this so? What are the differences in the statistics courses taught in the Engineering College, the Psychology or Sociology
While Schwartz et al. (2005) demonstrated a broad link between peer victimization and academic achievement with third and fourth grade students, Morrow et al. (2014) revealed relationships between more specific variables among the fifth grade participants: