Distillation Process Analysis

14 mL of 9 M H2SO4 was added to the separatory funnel and the mixture was shaken. The layers were given a small amount of time to separate. The remaining n-butyl alcohol was extracted by the H2SO4 solution therefore, there was only one organic top layer. The lower aqueous layer was drained and discarded. 14 mL of H2O was added to the separatory funnel. A stopper was placed on the separatory funnel and it was shaken while being vented occasionally. The layers separated and the lower layer which contained the n-butyl bromide was drained into a smaller beaker. The aqueous layer was then discarded after ensuring that the correct layer had been saved by completing the "water drop test" (adding a drop of water to the drained liquid and if the water dissolves, it confirms that it is an aqueous layer). The alkyl halide was then returned to the separatory funnel. 14 mL of saturated aqeous sodium bicarbonate was added a little at a time while the separatory funnel was being swirled. A stopper was placed on the funnel and it was shaken for 1 minute while being vented frequently to relieve any pressure that was being produced. The lower alkyl halide layer was drained into a dry Erlenmeyer flask and 1.0 g of anhydrous calcium chloride was added to dry the solution. A stopper was placed on the Erlenmeyer flask and the contents were swirled until the liquid was clear. For the distillation

The “discovery” and use of distillation was important to the rebirth of science in Europe by creating new principles of chemistry.

Method: Distillation is based on the fact that the matter can exist in three phases - - solid, liquid and gas. As the temperature of a pure substance is increased, it passes through these phases, making a transition at a specific temperature from solid to liquid (melting point--mp) and then at a higher temperature from liquid to gas (boiling point--bp). Distillation involves evaporating a liquid into a gas phase, then condensing the gas back into a liquid and collecting the liquid in a clean receiver. Substances that have a higher boiling point than the desired material will not distill at the

In this experiment, distillations were done. This is a technique that utilizes the differing boiling points of two or more compounds in a mixture in order to separate the compounds from the mixture. The way fractional distillation works is that the initial mixture is boiled up to the point of the lower boiling point compound; this compound then evaporates. This compound is then

(c) (2 pts) Imagine that you wanted to perform a distillation at your own home (remember, distillation as a technique is not illegal—it is only illegal if you use it to produce alcohol), but you did not have the fancy lab equipment that you saw in the video. How could you do it? How could you improvise in terms of equipment? Explain the entire setup in detail and how the

First, the simple distillation apparatus was set up. An oil bath was placed on a hot plate. A 100mL round-bottomed flask was submerged in the oil and held using a clamp and ring stand. The round-bottomed flask was then connected to the distillation head ensuring that the joint was greased. The thermometer was placed inside the distillation head so that the top of the bulb was level with the arm of the distillation head. The distillation head was attached then to the condenser held up by a clamp and ring

Distilled Water

Simple distillation is a separation technique which can be used to separate and purify distillates from a liquid mixture which ideally contains one volatile and one non-volatile compound. If such ideal conditions are not possible—as is usually the case—then simple distillation can be applied as long as the liquid in question is composed of compounds that differ in volatility such that their boiling points differ by at least 40 to 50 degrees Celsius. Because

1.) Briefly explain the concept of steam distillation. What is the difference between a simple distillation and a steam distillation? When a mixture of two immiscible liquids are distilled it is referred to as codistillation. This process is referred to as steam distillation when one of the liquids is water. This distillation is used to separate organic liquids from natural products and reaction mixtures in which the final product results in high boiling residues such as tars, inorganic salts, and other relatively involatile components. It is useful in isolating volatile oils from various parts of plants and not useful in the final purification of a

Distillation is a method of separating two volatile chemicals on the basis of their differing boiling points. During this lab, students were given 30 mL of an unknown solution containing two colorless chemicals. Because the chemicals may have had a relatively close boiling point, we had to employ a fractional distillation over a simple distillation. By adding a fractionating column between the boiling flask and the condenser, we were able to separate the liquids more efficiently due to the fact that more volatile liquids tend to push towards the top of the fractionating column, thereby leaving the liquid with the lower boiling point towards the bottom. After obtaining the distillates, we utilized a gas chromatograph in order to analyze the volatile substances in the gas phase and determine their composition percentage of the initial solution. Overall, through this lab we were able to enhance our knowledge on the practical utilization of chemical theories, and thus also demonstrated technical fluency involving the equipment.

Possible experimental error would be that some condensation was still on the sides of each distiller, and even when shaken, not all it would flow down. This could have impacted results, but this would only affect results slightly because there was only a few drops of condensation on the sides. Additionally, methods could be approved upon by having an object make all the condensation the sides to go down, but this would be difficult

Figure one differs from a graph the simple distillation graph in diagram 2 of the lab manual in the sharp increase in temperature at the 14 ml mark. Diagram 2 is less sharp of a slope, while figure one shows a much sharper change in slope.

The purpose of distillation is to purify a liquid. Distillations are use to purify contaminates out of water to obtain clean pure water, as well as, to separate mixtures of liquids into their individual components; e.g. methanol and water.

I chose to write about the Fluid Catalytic Cracking process because I worked at Exxon in the Operations Support Department for Specialties, Process Services, and Lubes units during the Spring-Summer terms. During my terms, I worked on a lot of capital projects for the specialties units –jump overs, safety facilities, heat exchangers, mass flow meters, plant tests, energy stewardships, and backfilled for 3 weeks as a contact engineer. The FCCs were not a part of the specialties and process services, but I took tours and dealt with the units for one of my plant tests, so I figured I could take this as an opportunity to learn a bit more about their functions and processes.

Heat pump systems can be used to upgrade heat from a lower quality energy source in the condenser to a higher quality energy source in the reboiler. Heat pump-assisted distillation column was first introduced in the mid-1970s [8]. Previously, a number of studies on heat pump-assisted distillation have been reported in the literature. Omideyi et al. [9] developed a quick selection method for vapor compression (VC) heat pump assisted distillation columns. Fonyo and Mizsey [10] simplified the method and included vapor recompression as well as absorption heat pump scheme. Kiss et al. [11] developed selection scheme of energy efficient technologies for binary distillation. Van de bor et al. [12] presented a quick performance map and made selection simpler and more suitable.