Endocytotic Inhibition Lab Report

In order to begin the study, a small area (0.5x0.5 cm) of calvarial bone was exposed, while the periosteum was left in tact (as it would be in normal conditions). The area was covered with 20 milligrams (mg) of Titanium particles and 5 mg of PE particles and then closed with sutures. Three days after the surgery, some of the animals were treated with an injection of PBS as a placebo, while some received a dose of 5 mg/kg OPG and some received 0.1 mg/kg of ZA. These dosages were chosen because they have been previously studied and determined to be the maximal safe pharmacological dose for a single injection. Some mice were also injected with a high dose of ZA (0.15 mg/kg) even though it is known to be toxic to humans, because in previous mouse studies it was shown to help prevent focal erosions. A separate group of mice received intermittent doses of Aln in a doseage of 10

One of the key elements of regulating skeletal growth is the Osteoclasts. The Osteoclasts are responsible for initiating the bone remodeling cycle. Blood vessels and nerves are able to penetrate the bone once the chondrocytes die

Osteoblast- cells which build bone by removing calcium and phosphates form the blood in the presence of the enzymes alkaline phosphates secrete by

Another component of bone and teeth is phosphorous and calcium, with calcium being required for blood clotting along with aiding in the contraction of muscles.

Longitudinal bone growth occurs at the epiphyseal plate, which is a thin layer of cartilage between the epiphyseal and metaphyseal bone at the distal ends of the long bones. Bone growth is the result of maturation, growth of chondrocytes, their production of bone matrix, and finally calcification (47). The growth plate is a complex structure consisting of different layers of cells, as shown in figure 3. The most immature cells, the stem cells, are found towards the epiphyseal end of the growth plate in the stem cell zone, or resting zone; the proliferating zone contains more mature chondrocytes and the hypertrophic zone contains the larger chondrocytes. The resting stem cells in the resting zone are recruited, whereupon proliferation and differentiation

Aminobiphosphates: This type of drug suppresses the formation of blood vessels, which is what bone tissue requires for growth. Aminobiphosphates also limit bone resorption through shortening the life span of osteoclasts.

The pathophysiology of how strong bone becomes osteoporotic is an interesting process. The body is continuously trying to maintain a sense of homeostasis and keep every cell and organ within the body at a constant state of happiness. During the homeostatic process, cells of bone are continuously undergoing processes of formation and resorption. This all-inclusive progression of building up bone occurs throughout life and is the key in modifying bones during trauma or just natural growth (Van der Kamp, 2012). Bone cells that assist with formation of bone are called osteoclasts, and bone cells that assist with the resorption of bone are called osteoclasts.

Biomarkers of bone formation reflect osteoblast activity and are byproducts of collagen and non-collagenous matrix proteins ,growth factors and osteoblastic enzymes released in the circulation when bone is being formed ( Eastell and Hannon 2008). They include ALP ,bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, OC, and procollagen type I C-terminal propeptide and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide ( Young 2012 ).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and to objectively determine the influence of omentum on the process of bone healing after experimental osteonecrosis and death of the bone marrow following an ischemic process.The blood circulation of the right femoral head of 60 female Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 g, was interrupted. They were divided into 12 groups (n=5 in each group). Six groups were considered as control and six as treatment group.The animals were housed in spacious cages to allow ample ambulation and were operated after a minimum of a week for acclimation to the cage. They had free access to water and regular laboratory chow at all times. The rats were anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (120 mg/kg) and xylazine (17 mg/kg). They were placed on a heated operating table to prevent hypothermia After shaving of the skin,

Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs used in the treatment of multiple diseases that result in the loss of bone mass. Such diseases include osteoporosis, multiple myeloma, and bone metastasis as a result of breast or prostate cancer. (Lam et al., 2007). There are several different mechanisms through which bisphosphonates work to prevent bone loss. One such method is to inhibit bone resorption by: preventing recruitment of osteoclasts to the site of bone injury, inhibiting osteoclast activity, and initiating apoptosis in osteoclasts. Certain classes of bisphosphonates are capable of inhibiting the proliferation and stimulating the apoptosis of cancer cells by interfering with the adhesion of the cells to the bone matrix. (Lam et al., 2007).

Aging interacts mainly with bone deposition than bone resorption. The supply of osteoblasts, which deposit bone, as compared to demand is progressively declining with aging. After the third decade of life, bone

Bones are dynamic tissues that undergo changes need to maintain bone and calcium homeostasis through a process called bone remodeling. Bone remodeling is an essential process that repairs damaged bone and maintains mineral homeostasis. This process is regulated by two main cells that perform opposite, but complementary function. Osteoblasts are the main bone forming cells that originate from mesenchymal stem cell lineage. Osteoblasts produce bone matrix which they later mineralized to form bone. During the process of bone formation, matured osteoblasts usually get trapped in the bone matrix and become osteocytes. Osteoclasts on the other hand, are the main bone resorbing cells; they resorb bone producing proteolytic enzyme and acid. In response

While there has been some accord with respect to change of the proliferation capability of osteoblasts, some unfriendly impacts of FGF2 on the osteogenic separation and generalization have likewise been recognized.(Bosetti et al.) examined the striking of different FGFs (FGF2, FGF4, and FGF6) on the behavior of human-necessary osteoblasts. They examined that all FGFs activated in culture medium at 0.8 μM incited osteoblast enlargement yet stopped ALP motion and generalization. When it comes to Vitamin D, it was

Alendronic acid is a bisphosphonate drug that is used to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption .it works by attaching to hydroxyapatite binding sites to impair the ability of the osteoclasts to produce the protons necessary for continued bone resorption. It also inhibit osteoclast activity by promoting osteoclast apoptosis. (pubmed ) Patient group who are mostly taking this medication are postmenopausal women. As women reaches their menopausal age, oestrogen starts to deplete which causes their bones to

After that, fracture callus will undergo the process of bone subtitution, followed with endochondral ossification, resulting in production of lamellar bone. Final remodelling of the bone is completed by deposition of compact bone by osteoblasts in resorption pits prepared by the osteoclasts (Gaston and Simpson, 2007). This natural osteonal healing would be done well if and only if these four prerequisites are active.