Fallopian Tube Cancer: A Case Study

In the article given, a 53-year old gravida 2 para 1 patient with Stage IIIA endometrial cancer went at Women and Infants ambulatory surgical unit for a lymph node dissection and a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (Yee, 2017). Before the initial agreement for the operation, a medical staff reviewed to the patient all of the necessary informed consent contract, including the reasons and benefits of the procedure, as well as the risks of refusing it. The patient was noticeably anxious, but proceeded to sign the consent form. After the anesthesia team evaluated the patient and determined that the patient had type 2 diabetes, anxiety disorder, hypertension, a BMI of 58.2, and a Mallampati Class IV airway difficult for intubation (Yee, 2017).

Cancer in the ovaries spreads quickly to other parts of the body and “is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with an alarmingly poor prognosis attributed to late detection and chemoresistance (Brachova).” The ovaries are composed of three different types of tissue: epithelia, germ, and stromal, with tumors being named for the kinds of cells the tumor started from and whether the tumor is benign or cancerous. The American Cancer Society’s estimates for ovarian cancer in the United States in 2014 are about 21,980 new cases and about 14,270 deaths. A woman’s risk of getting invasive ovarian cancer in her lifetime is about 1 in 72 and about half of the women diagnosed with ovarian cancer are 63 years or older (American Cancer Society).

Stage I: the tumor is still located in the same area and not yet spread.

If the cancer can be seen without a microscope and is not larger than 4 centimeters it is considered stage 1B. In stage 1B2 the cancer can be seen without a microscope and is larger than 4 centimeters. Stage 2 cervical cancer has spread beyond the cervix, but not yet onto the pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina. Stage 2 is also divided into stages, 2A and 2B. Each stage is also divided into 2 additional stages, 2A1 and 2A2 which are based on the size of the tumor. In stage 2A1 the tumor can be seen without a microscope and is not more than 4 centimeters. In stage 2A2 the tumor is also seen without a microscope and is larger than 4 centimeters. Stage 2B cancer has spread beyond the cervical cancer tissue around the uterus. Stage 3 cancer has spread to the lower portion of the vagina and along the pelvic walls and may have caused kidney issues. Stage 3 is spread into different stages, 3A and 3B, based on how far it has

If you have a Pap test taken they can usually find the cervical cancer early. Cervical cancer may spread if not treated early. It could spread from the cervix to the vagina, and then into deeper tissue layers of connective tissue around the uterus. Then if it spreads further it would go to the pelvic lymph nodes and other pelvic organs. This could cause problems with the kidney and bowel functions and

I would like to consider myself an ovarian cancer survivor. It has already been seven years since I have completed my chemotherapy here in Australia. It was a life changing event. With God’s help, I was able to overcome the difficulties the diagnosis presented. The nurses who looked after me were a huge part in supporting not only me but my family from Philippines who were able to visit during the time I am battling cancer.

Question #3 The National Ovarian Cancer Coalition (2012) stated that ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of death related to cancer in women ages 35 to 74 and is estimated to occur in one out of 75 women during their lifetime (What is the general outlook for women diagnosed with ovarian cancer section, para. 1). Survival rate depends on which stage the cancer is in when it is diagnosed. If caught and treated early, survival rate is over 90% but if caught in or after stage III, the rate of survival can be 28%. (NOCC, 2012, What is the general outlook for women diagnosed with ovarian cancer section, para. 2)

Cervical cancer is a tumor of the cervix. The cervix is the part of the womb, which projects into the vagina. It measures less than one inch across and about one and a half inches in length. It is a block of a special type of muscle covered by a thin layer of surface cells. Cancer of the cervix develops in these surface cells, which first start to grow in an abnormal way (precancerous cells).

Epithelial tumors about ninety percent of ovarian cancer develop in the epithelium, which is the thin sheet of tissue that protects the ovaries. This form of ovarian cancer generally occurs in postmenopausal women. Germ cell carcinoma, making up about five percent of ovarian cancer causes, begins in the cells that form eggs. Germ cell carcinoma can transpire in any woman; however, it tends to be found in women who are just entering adulthood. There are several different varieties of germ cell carcinoma that exist, but the three most familiar types are teratomas, dysgerminomas and endodermal sinus tumors. Most of the tumors that surface in the germ cells are not cancerous. However, stromal carcinoma tumors ovarian stromal carcinoma are malignant, accounting for about five percent of ovarian cancer cases. These tumors emerge in the connective tissue cells that connect the ovaries together and those that produce female hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. The two most common types of tumors are granulosa cell tumors and sertoli leydig cell tumors. In contrast to epithelial ovarian carcinoma, 70 percent of stromal carcinoma cases are detected when they are in the beginning stage. Small cell carcinoma of the ovaries is a rare, distinctly c tumor that affects primarily young women whom have an average age of 24 years old. The subtypes of small cell carcinoma of the ovaries includes pulmonary, neuro-endocrine and hypercalcemic small cell carcinoma of the ovaries accounts for 0.1 percent of ovarian cancer instances. Approximately two thirds of patients with small cell carcinoma ovaries have hypercalcemia which is when there is an abundant amount of calcium in the blood. (``Types of Ovarian Cancer``,

The endometrium is the lining of the uterus, a hollow, muscular organ in a woman’s pelvis. The uterus is where a fetus grows. In most non pregnant women, the uterus is about 3 inches long. The lower, narrow end of the uterus is the cervix, which leads to the vagina”. (www.cancer.gov 2017)

Today in the world there are many different types of reproductive cancers. A reproductive cancer I’m going to be writing about is Breast cancer. Yes, its Breast Cancer. According to American Cancer Society (2017) Breast cancer is “Breast cancer starts when cells in the breast begin to grow out of control. These cells usually form a tumor that can often be seen on an x-ray or felt as a lump. The tumor is malignant (cancer) if the cells can grow into (invade)surrounding tissues or spread (metastasize) to distant areas of the body. Breast cancer occurs almost entirely in women, but men can get cancer too (pg.1). Although Breast cancer first start in the breast, it can also start from other places surrounding that tissue or area.

This type of cancer can be in many parts near or around the cervix. Ovarian Epithelial cancer starts in the epithelial cover that protects the reproductive organs. This type is easily spread because this covering is in several parts of this area (American Cancer Society, 2017). Peritoneum cancer begins in the peritoneum and is passed to the ovaries and cervix. Fallopian tube cancer also begins in a distal part of the region but spreads to the surrounding areas. Some parts of the areas affected can be more easily removed than others.

It has been stated that scientist believe that ovarian cancer points back to gene bcl-2, located on chromosome 18. “Bcl-2 is unique among the proto-oncogenes, as it is localized on the mitochondrial membranes and interferes with programmed cell death independently of its ability to promote cell division” (pathophysiology,2018). This shows that the protein that regulates cell growth also deals with cell aptosis. Cancer begins when a genetic mutation cell turns a normal cell into an abnormal cancer cell. Cancer cells multiply quickly and form mass tumors. Ovarian cancer can be in the form of a tumor or the cells can break off the tumor and spread to other parts of the body. This is found in the abdomen area and affects organs such as: intestines, liver, and stomach. There are three types of ovarian cancer. The first type is epithelial tumors. These are in the tissue surrounding the ovaries and 90% of ovarian cancers are epithelial tumors. The next type

Stromal tumors appear in more than half of women fifty years or older, and about five percent in young girls (Burges). Germ cell tumors usually grow in the ova (Rooth), most are benign or superficial, but same are cancerous and may be dangerous. These types of tumors have several adherent types of tumors, common ones are teratomas, dysgerminomas and endordermal sinus tumors. While Germ cell tumors meet less than two percent of ovarian cancers they predominately have good outcomes with more than nine out of ten women surviving at least five years after conclusion.

Ovarian cancer is also one of the cancer that is affecting millions of women in today’s world. The previous researches were claiming that ovarian cancer comes from ovary cells. However, studies have found that ovarian cancer could be coming from fallopian tube. Dr. Burdette’s lab researched how fallopian tube can be contributing to ovarian cancer, and her research shows strong evidence of how does it occurs. It is very important to find a cure for ovarian cancer, otherwise deaths due to ovarian cancer will keep increasing. Also, ovarian cancer has potential higher risk of causing breast cancer. Curing ovarian cancer will stop it from damaging other tissues because the hormones released from ovaries can negatively impact cell proliferation