What Is Clinical Staging?

(p133-134, text). * Define metastasis. * Development of a secondary tumor in a location distant from the primary tumor. * Accomplished via lymphatic channels and circulation. * Trace the pathways for the hematologic and lymphatic spread of metastatic cancer cells. Evidence of disseminate disease presence in lymph that drain the tumor area, tumor cells lodge first in the initial lymph node that receives drainage from the tumor site, once in this lymph node cells may die b/c of the lack of a proper environment, remain dormant for unknown reasons, or grow in a discernible mass, If they survive and grow cancer cells, may spread from more distant lymph nodes to the thoracic duct, and the gain access to the blood vasculature, cancer cells may gain access to the blood vasculature from the initial node and more distant lymph nodes by way of tumor-associated blood vessels that may infiltrate the tumor mass. Sentinel

higher risk of early recurrence. This study was retrospectively performed on 101 patients with stage II and III

Since prevention is the most significant cancer preventing tool, it is essential that cancer be discovered as soon as possible prior to infecting the whole body. The symptoms of cancer will depend based on the location, size, and how greatly it influences the organs or tissues. If a cancer cell has extended over large area of the body, then symptoms will definitely appear in various parts of the body. When a cancer

Staging is the process of finding out how much cancer there is in the body and where it is located. It is how the doctor learns the stage of a person's cancer. Doctors use this information to plan treatment and to help predict a person's outlook (prognosis). Cancers with the same stage tend to have similar outlooks and are often treated the same way. The cancer stage is also a way for doctors to describe the extent of the cancer when they talk with each other about a person’s case.

The importance?s of staging cancer is to assist the doctor with planning appropriate treatments to fight the cancer and also helps determine is treatment is a necessary option for patients. ?Unfortunately cancer is an assembly of illnesses that can result in virtually any sign or symptom. However the signs and symptoms associated with cancer are dependent upon where the cancer is located, how big the cancer is, and how much of the cancer affects the organs and tissues that the cancer is found in. If a cancer has metastasized (spread) to other regions of the body the signs or symptoms will possibly appear their as well? (cancer.org).

Harmful tumors require quick regulation and treatment, as threatening developments may grow quickly and metastasize (spread all through the body) at a disturbing rate. Metastases are auxiliary tumors which can show up at any area all through the body, which is an immediate impact of disease spreading by means of blood and lymph hubs.

Cancer is defined by the National Cancer Institute as the title given to a group of related diseases. All types of cancer are categorized by uncontrollable growth of cells that metastasize to surrounding tissues. Cancer can develop at almost any part of the human body and anyone can develop cancer, although risk typically increases with age because most cancers tend to require many years to develop. ?Typically, human cells tend to grow and divide and ultimately form new cells as the body needs them. When an organisms cells grow old or get damaged, the cells die, and new ones replace them. However when cancer develops, this orderly process gets reformatted. As cells increasingly get more irregular, old or damaged cells begin to survive when they should die, and new cells develop in the body when there is no need for them. These abnormal cells have the ability to divide without stopping and tend to result in growths called tumors?(cancer.gov). Cancerous tumors are defined as malignant meaning that they can spread to nearby tissues or metastasize to distant places in places within the body and form new cancerous tumors. There are over 100 forms of cancer and they are usually named after the organs or tissues where the cancers originate. Staging of cancer is used when describing the severity of a person?s cancer and is based upon the following

Staging is the process of finding out how much the cancer is advanced . A new staging system called the international staging system for

In Stage 0 there is an abnormal cell in the cervix which can become cancerous and can spread to other regions of the body.

Melanoma is divided in four different stages, Stage 0, stage 1, stage2, stage 3, and stage 4. The early stages of melanoma are 0 and 1, stage 0 tumor means that are noninvasive and have not penetrated below the surface of the skin, while stage 1 tumors have invaded the skin but are small, nonulcerated, and are growing at slow mitotic rate. Stage 2 tumors, are larger generally over 1mm. thick and/or may be ulcerated or have a mitotic rate of greater than 1/mm2; they are considerate intermediate melanomas. More advanced melanomas such as stage 3 and 4 have spread to other parts of the body.

Since tumor instability is not only seen between the primary and relapse setting but also throughout tumor progression, this makes clinical decisions more difficult and makes taking biopsies in a consecutive manner in the advanced setting a very important step to optimize treatment decision making for patients (Lindstrom et al,

Above, we compared survival rates to the stage at which they are in during their final treatment. You are most likely to survive if your cancer is localized which means the cancer cells have not spread beyond where they have begun growing. The next likely stage to survive is regionalized. Regionalized means the cancer cells have spread beyond where they began to grow but it is limited. Lastly, people are least likely to survive the distant stage because the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.

Stage 2 disease is associated with lymph node involvement in 2 or more regions. However, the nodes must be involved in only one side of the

Stage 2 and Stage 3 cancer has invaded the chest (if large tumors are present its stage 3)

There are four stages of breast cancer. The Stage 0 is noninvasive breast cancer, that is, carcinoma in situ with no affected lymph nodes or metastasis. Stage zero is the most favorable. Now Stage 1 breast cancer is less than two centimeters in greatest dimension and is only in the breasts. In Stage 2, the cancer is no larger than two centimeters but it has spread to the lymph nodes under the arm. The