Human Papillomavirus : The Background And History Of Human HPV

Almost all cervical carcinomas are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervical cancer can be a life-threating disease. However, over recent years the occurrence of cervical cancer has declined as well as the chance of dying from it. A huge contributing factor to this decline is the importance of a regular pap smear. A pap smear can find cervical pre-cancer before it turns into cancer. Recently, a vaccine for HPV, has been on the market, which provides close to a 100% protection against pre-cancer and general warts. HPV and cervical cancer are two disease that are closely related. However, each disease effects not only similar populations, but also different populations, as well as having its own signs and symptoms, detection procedures,

According to the National Cancer Institute, not all human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause cancer. There are two types of categories; the low risk and high risk human papillomaviruses. If one contracts a high risk HPVs, they have a chance of developing cancer. High risk HPVs can lead to cervical cancer, anal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, vaginal cancers, vulvar cancers, and penile cancers (1). The National Cancer Institute states that HPVs account for causing 5% of cancers and Nathan Seppa proclaims “that the two cancer-causing virus subtypes... HPV-16 and HPV-18, account for more than half of cervical cancers” (1 and 2). This demonstrates the overall impact HPV has on causing cancer.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a double -stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus that only infects humans with an attraction to both cutaneous and mucosal surfaces such as the cervix, anus, tonsil, and oropharynx (Clark, 2013). HPV is a type of oncogenic virus that goes into the cells and can cause several diseases. Over the years, research has surfaced connecting genital HPV to several types of cancer. There are over a hundred strains of HPV but the most high risk strains, 16 and 18, have been shown to cause vulvar, vaginal, anal, and the most concerning, cervical cancer (Chan, Ng, & Wong, 2012). Genital HPV

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the causative operator of cervical disease, which is a standout amongst the most unmistakable tumors in ladies. HPV is a sexually transmitted malady that can influence both men and ladies. The immunizer discovery systems uncovered that the greater part of the ladies (those that are sexually dynamic) worldwide and roughly 70% of the sexually dynamic ladies of US populace have been presented to the papilloma infection sooner or later in time. The African area is having the most astounding rate of commonness with an expected number of 379153 cases amid the year 2000.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a group of more than 200 related viruses. More than 40 HPV types can be easily spread through direct sexual contact, from the skin and mucous membranes of infected people to the skin and mucous membranes of their partners. They can be spread by vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Other HPV types are responsible for non-genital warts, which are not sexually transmitted. High-risk HPV types cause approximately 5 percent of all cancers worldwide. In the United States, high-risk HPV types cause approximately 3 percent of all cancer cases among women and 2 percent of all cancer cases among men. High-risk HPVs cause several types of cancer: cervical cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvar cancer, anal cancer, penile

Human papilloma virus (HPV) is a name derived from group of viruses that affect the human skin and other moist areas found in the human body, such as the cervix, anus, mouth and throat. There are more than 100 species of HPV, of which only thirty of them affect the genital area. Genital HPV is very contagious and are spread during sexual intercourse and skin to skin of the genital areas. Some HPV can be physically detected, when there are visible genital warts seen around the site. HPV that do not exhibit clinical symptoms are known as sub-clinical HPV, which connotes that they are not visible, neither do they have recognizable symptoms (Women 's health specialist, November, 2009). Most of the time, Sub - clinical HPV is discovered when there is an abnormal results from pap smear. On the other hand, research also shows that men do encounter sub-clinical HPV, but the test does not work for them. Therefore, men may have it without knowing.

HPV works like all other viruses, the virus inserts its DNA into the cell and the cell begins to produce the protein that the virus encodes. HPV attacks epithelial cells, epithelial cells are what make up the outside layer of skin on the body, including the cervix. In types 16 and 18 the creation of HPV proteins interferes with the cell’s ability to prevent excessive growth. The cell grows uncontrollably and does not die. This excessive growth is manifested as a precancerous

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted viral infections in the United States. There are nearly 1 out of 4 women who have been diagnosed with HPV (CDC, 2015). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported that at least 80% of women acquire a genital HPV infection by the age of 50 (CDC, 2015). HPV is an important topic that needs to be discussed because it has been estimated that 6.2 million cases of HPV has been reported (CDC, 2015). HPV is one third of all new sexual transmitted infections (CDC, 2015).

Cervical cancer is the second foremost occurring cancer in women after breast cancer. Cervical cancer is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the human papillomavirus, or HPV. Infection by HPV typically occurs in the early years of sexual activity according to the World Health Organization (WHO), but it can take up to a full twenty years for it to develop into a full-blown malignant tumor. Scientists believe that for all intents and purposes all cervical cancer cases are caused by infection with a few types of cancer. Great strides have been made in recent years in the development of a vaccine to treat the cervical cancer. Scientists have cultivated a prophylactic vaccine that would protect against the human papillomavirus. HPV's

Often times these HPV infection goes away over the course of one or two years due to elimination of the infected cells by the body’s immune system, making it hard to know when or from whom a person got the virus. However, sometimes these infected cells are not destroyed, and a persistent infection results and grows, developing mutations in genes, leading to the formation of warts and cancers (“HPV and Cancer”). The term “papilloma” actually refers to warts that results from some HPV types (“Information About the Human Papillomavirus”). HPV is the most common cause of genital and common warts (“HPV Infection”). Genital warts appear as small, flat, cauliflower-like bumps mostly on the vulva for women and penis and scrotum or around the anus for men. (Ibid.) These genital warts rarely cause discomfort or pain, though they may itch (Ibid.). Common warts usually occurs on hands, fingers or elbows with rough, raised bumps (Ibid.). The majority of common warts are unsightly, but they can be also painful and lead to injury or bleeding (Ibid.). Often, warts are confused with other skin problem that are not sexually transmitted and since they are contagious, it is easy to spread it by contact with a wart or with something that touched the wart (Ibid.). Small number of infection with high-risk HPV can cause cancers such as cervical, oropharyngeal, anal or other rarer cancers, and amongst these types of cancers, cervical cancer is the most frequently appeared cancer (Ibid.). HPV is a well-established cause of cervical cancer. About 12,000 women in the US get cervical cancer each year and nearly all of those cases are associated with HPV (Ibid.). Many people have misunderstanding of the relationship between warts and cancer, however, warts are not cancerous and cancers are caused by different HPV

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in the United States. HPV belong to a family of viruses that cause cell changes in the epithelia resulting in benign skin lesions called warts and verrucae. Type 6 and 11 cause warts and are included under the low risk HPVs,Types 16,18,31,33,45 cause cervical cancer and are included under high risk HPVs(CDC,2014). The virus affects the skin and mucous membrane especially of the reproductive organs. Cervical Cancer and other Ano-genital cancers are seen in women with persistent genital HPV infection. HPV that affects the skin can be transmitted by skin to skin contact with an affected person and Genital HPV is spread through Kissing and Oral

HPV-associated anal and oral cancers are increasing. The reason is still unclear although sexual behavior changes in the general population are postulated as one of the factors. The incidence is drastically higher in specific risk groups, such as men who have sex with men, and HIV-1 infected individuals. Interestingly, anal cancer is predominant in women while a higher incidence of oral cancer is found in men. This review gives a brief summary of epidemic, risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of these two HPV-associated cancers.

The human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease, with a worldwide point prevalence of 11.7%., in the United States over 79 million people are already infected with HPV, and over 14 million new HPV infections occur each year CITE 1,2,5. HPV affecting both men and women, has an estimated lifetime prevalence of 80-90%, it is likely that most sexually active people will become infected with HPV before the age of 45 CITE 1, 3. Although over 100 HPV genotypes have been identified, only 40 infect the genital area. These 40 are further subdivided into high risk oncogenic genotypes, and low risk the genotypes responsible for genital warts and recurrent papillomatosis CITE 8,3. HPV is associated with virtually all cervical cancers, and over 90% of anal cancers CITE 1. The cost of preventing and treating HPV and its associated diseases is estimated at eight billion dollars annually

Among the 12, 200 new cases of cervical cancer ninety-percent of them are caused or attributed to HPV (ACS).

The viruses are called papilloma virus because they cause warts, or papilloma. HPV is common. Hearty all sexually active