Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer

Prophylactic vaccination against high risk human papilloma virus 16 and 18 represents an exciting means of protection against HPV related malignancy. However, this strategy alone, even if there is a level of cross protection against other oncogenic viruses, cannot completely prevent cervical cancer. In some countries cervical screening programs have reduced the incidence of invasive cervical cancer by up to 80 percent although this decline has now reached a plateau with current cancers occurring in patients who have failed to attend for screening or where the sensitivity of the tests have proved inadequate. Cervical screening is inevitably associated with significant anxiety for the many women who require investigation and treatment following abnormal cervical cytology. However, it is vitally important to stress the need for continued cervical screening to complement vaccination in order to optimize prevention in vaccines and prevent cervical cancer in older women where the value of vaccination is currently unclear. It is likely that vaccination will ultimately change the natural history of HPV disease by reducing the influence of the highly oncogenic types HPV 16 and 18. In the long term this is likely to lead to an increase in recommended screening intervals. HPV vaccination may also reduce

Cervical cancer is a type of abnormal and malignant cell growth on the cervix (birth canal), which causes the common death for American Women. Infected by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) through sexual contact is the main contributor to cervical cancer. According to American Cancer Society’s (ACS) (2017) estimation, around 12,820 people will newly have cervical cancer and about 4,210 people will die from that in 2017. Therefore, it is urgent to decrease the rate of cervical cancer at women. A three-shot Gardasil series vaccine approved by the FDA for girls started to prevent cervical cancer in 2006. There are more than forty types of HPVs and the majority

The human papillomavirus remains one of the highest common sexually transmitted infections in the United States. The human papillomavirus dates back to the nineteen hundreds. Scientists during the nineteen hundreds did not comprehend on why people who had sexually transmitted infections also had cancer. It was not until the nineteen-eighties, that a scientist discovered that the human papilloma virus caused cancer (Preventing Cervical Cancer). Moreover the human papillomavirus causes genital warts in both men and women. In the year two thousand and six, a scientist generated two vaccines that protect the human body from contracting the virus. The Food and Drug Administration approved Gardasil and Cervarix since they are clinically tested

Approximately 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer occur each year worldwide, 260,000 of which are fatal. In the U.S., it is estimated that there were over 9,700 cases of cervical cancer in 2006, and of these 3,700 resulted in deaths”. Vaccinations are one of the most successful public health approaches to preventing and controlling infectious diseases. According to the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices the vaccine has been proven to be virtually 100% effective against the two types of HPV that are responsible for some 70% of cervical cancers.

The different stages of the squamous intraepithelial lesion can include low- grade, high-grade risk types of HPV, at this point HPV can spontaneously go away on its own and shows no signs of concern to the patient. If a biopsy is done and is showing dysplasia the physician can then rate the Cervical intraepithelial neoplasm is common among young women and can be divided and graded

Cervical cancer is formed in the tissues of the cervix, an organ that connects the uterus and the vagina. Virtually all cervical cancers are caused by Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (Schiffman et. al., 2007). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States. According to the CDC, 75% of sexually active people aged 15-49 have the infection at some point in their lives. (CDC). Because HPV infection is usually asymptomatic, infected people do not know exactly when they get the infection. In most cases, the body is able to fight off the virus before any symptom. However, health problems such as genital warts and cancer may

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the most commonly diagnosed sexually transmitted infection in the United States (Ault, 2006). Almost all sexually active men and women will contract HPV at least once during their lifetime (What is HPV?, 2015). Sexually active women below the age of twenty-five consistently have the highest rates of infection (Ault, 2006). The development of the HPV vaccine in 2006 has decreased the prevalence of infection from 11.5% to 5.1% among females ages 14 to 19 (CDC, 2015). High-risk strains of HPV are also “detected in 99% of cervical cancer cases” (Valdez, Stuart, Tanjasari, Levy, & Garza, 2015, p. 106). Therefore HPV infection is one of the most significant risk factors in the development of cervical cancer.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is the causative operator of cervical disease, which is a standout amongst the most unmistakable tumors in ladies. HPV is a sexually transmitted malady that can influence both men and ladies. The immunizer discovery systems uncovered that the greater part of the ladies (those that are sexually dynamic) worldwide and roughly 70% of the sexually dynamic ladies of US populace have been presented to the papilloma infection sooner or later in time. The African area is having the most astounding rate of commonness with an expected number of 379153 cases amid the year 2000.

HPV Virus is responsible for more than 70% of vulvar and vaginal cancers and 90% of cervical and anal cancers.Statistics reveal 33,200 HPV related cancers are reported in the United States each year(CDC,2014). There is no treatment for HPV virus infections as the natural immunity will clear the virus from the body over time. However there are ways to prevent the infection by preventive measures like condoms and vaccines to prevent cervical cancer in high risk individuals. There are two HPV vaccines mainly Gardasil and Cervarix which provide protection against HPV infection. HPV vaccines are recommended for boys and girls in the ages of 11 to 12 years as well as for teen boys and individuals with compromised immunity(CDC,2014). Catch up vaccines are recommended for men and women if

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most prevalent virus in the human population. Almost all people will be exposed to HPV infections in their lifetime. HPV-associated cancers comprise 5% of all human cancers. Two prophylactic vaccines that are designed to block the four most prevalent HPV types (>150 types) in the genital infection have reduced the incidence in the vaccinated population. However, the vaccines offer no therapeutic effect against pre-existing infections. Furthermore, the vaccination completion rate was 26 % overall. The large unvaccinated population will continue to be at the risk of developing HPV-associated diseases and cancers until an effective treatment is available.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a communicable, sexually transmitted disease with high prevalence rates in the general population (CDC, HPV, 2015). Although many people who contract this disease will never develop clinical symptoms, HPV may cause cancer many years later (CDC HPV, 2015). For example, one in every 142 women will develop cervical cancer due to HPV in her lifetime (CDC HPV, 2015). HPV vaccines have been developed and administered in recent years for the prevention of HPV and cervical cancer, but it must be given prior to HPV exposure (CDC HPV, 2015). The HPV vaccine is greater than 90% effective in eradication of the HPV strains that cause cancer (CDC, HPV, 2015). HPV has unique public health implications since it is rare that vaccines can prevent future cancers.

In the United States, cervical cancer is known as one of the most common cancers amongst females and it is estimated that 1/3 of the females diagnosed will die (Parkin, Bray, Ferlay, & Pisani, 2005). HPV 16 is the most common detected virus in cervical cancer patients, but there are 14 HPV types that are considered high-risk (Parkin, Bray, Ferlay, & Pisani, 2005). HPV is related to cervical cancer as the virus changes the cells of the cervix and causes cervical dysplasia, which untreated, leads to cancer (Dizon & Krychman, 2010). Examining the problem from a global perspective, Biological Study on Cervical Cancer (IBSCC) study group, concluded that “HPV DNA was detected in 93% of the tumors and … HPV 16 was present in 50% of the specimens…” (Bosch, Manos, Muñoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto & Shan, 1995). This group collected samples of 1000 patients whom were diagnosed with stage 3 cervical cancer from 32 hospitals in 22 countries (Bosch, Manos, Muñoz, Sherman, Jansen, Peto & Shan, 1995). As, represented earlier with current statistics, it’s evident that more people are diagnosed each year with cervical cancer that have HPV present

The human papilloma virus (HPV), a sexually transmitted infection, is considered necessary for the development of cervical cancer condition. HPV types 16 and 18 are responsible for the vast majority of cervical cancers. Therefore, HPV infection is more likely to be in women who start having sex at an early age and have multiple sexual partners or a partner who has had many sexual partners. This is because their behaviour is more likely to be exposed to HPV. However, a woman with only one partner can get HPV if partner has already been in contact with the virus (Public Health England, 2013).

It is important to have a clear understanding of how the etiology of cancer of the cervix was established which eventually enabled the development of HPV vaccines, one of the major breakthroughs in the history of cervical cancer. For decades, the etiology of cancer of the cervix remained unknown and there were several attempts by past scientists to establish the cause of cervical cancer without much success. However, the earliest breakthroughs came in the 1930s while Dr. Richard Shope of the Rockefeller University was working on wild rabbits that had developed “horn”, which upon further analysis, was caused by a virus that could be transmitted. This discovery played

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women, attributing to 266,000 deaths per year worldwide, a female gynecological cancer mortality rate second only to breast cancer. Although the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been implicated in 90% of cervical cancer cases, not all causes of cervical cancer are known, representing a critical barrier to progress in therapeutic development. Current therapies include a combination of hysterectomy and radiation or chemotherapy, all of which have significant side effects. New and improved treatments are therefore needed to minimize adverse effects and preserve fertility, especially for women of childbearing age.