Identifying An Unknown Bacterium Broth Culture

Escherichia coli O157:H7 causes 73,000 illnesses in the United States annually. A review of E. coli O157 outbreaks reported to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to better understand its epidemiology. E. coli O157 outbreaks revealed that in that period, 49 states reported 350 outbreaks, representing 8,598 cases, 1,493 (17%) hospitalizations, 354 (4%) hemolytic uremic syndrome cases, and 40 (0.5%) deaths. Clinical laboratories began examining more stool specimens for E. coli O157. In 1994, E. coli O157 became a nationally notifiable infection, and by 2000, reporting was mandatory in 48 states. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was first recognized as a pathogen in 1982 during an outbreak investigation of hemorrhagic colitis.

Coli causes almost 100,000 illnesses and 30,000 hospitalizations, and 90 deaths annually in the United States alone.

E. coli or Escherichia coli are a kind of bacteria that affects the intestinal or the digestive system of a human being, which can even lead to death. It is one of the subgroup of fecal coliform bacteria. E. coli O157:H7 is that toxic microorganism or bacteria which causes the intestinal disease in the human beings which is most likely to last about a week. The common symptoms of these diseases are that the patient will have diarrhea with blood (Clermont, Bonacorsi and Bingen 2000). However, the serve cases of this disease may lead to kidney problems, which can lead to death especially when the patient is a child or an elderly person. That is, it can act severely in those patients who have does not have a strong immune system. Some types of E. coli are normally found in the intestines of people and animals

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a bacteria usually found in warm blooded organisms such as human and animal intestines. Although there are large groups of E.coli, most strains are harmless. Other strains of the bacteria may cause diarrhea, respiratory illnesses and food poisoning. Some strains such as O157:H7 can cause kidney failure or severe anemia. Exposure to E.coli can be in the form of food, water, undercooked meat and even raw vegetables. Symptoms may include: nausea and vomiting, severe stomach cramps and stomach tenderness, diarrhea containing blood.

E. coli bacteria normally lies in the intestinal tract of people and animals. In most cases, E. coli is a harmless bacterium and even serves as an essential part of a healthy human intestinal tract. However, there are multiple types of E. coli and some are pathogenic, meaning they can cause illness. Pathogenic E. coli strains are categorized into six pathotypes: STEC, EHEC, ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, and DAEC. Pathogenic forms of E. coli bacteria are able to infiltrate, grow and live in a variety of foods and beverages. Once a food or beverage is contaminated and then consumed, the individual who has consumed it is at risk of an E. coli infection.

coli bacteria is a type of bacteria that can live in the intestines of animals and humans. However, there are some types of the E. coli bacteria, particularly E. coli 0157:H7, that can cause intestinal infections. Symptoms of this type of infection include dehydration, abdominal cramps, fever and bloody diarrhoea. These symptoms can endure 2-8 days after exposure to the bacteria. Since these symptoms generally resolve after a few days to a week, most cases of E. coli 0157:H7 infection can be treated at home.

Escherichia coli (E.coli) has been a public health issue since the 1980s and is a major concern in food contamination in products like beef, dairy, and fresh produce. E.coli 0157:H7 itself is not invasive but it produces a Shiga toxin which attacks the host small blood vessels in the kidney. This makes the kidneys work harder which can destroy red blood cells and lead to hemolytic anemia (lowered number of red blood cells produced). The incubation period for E. coli ranges from three to eight days. The infection often causes severe bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps, but can also cause non-bloody diarrhea or no symptoms. E.coli may greatly affects children and the elderly.

Foodborne illnesses is an important problem in the United States, which cause a total of 19,056 infections, 4,200 hospitalizations, and 80 deaths were reported in 2013. Moreover, foodborne illnesses cost the United States an estimated $152 billion per year in healthcare (Scharff, 2010; CDC, 2014). E. coli O157 belonged Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), it was usually classified pathotypically as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (Bryan et al., 2015). Between 2000 and 2010 have 5688 cases of O157 STEC infections were reported by FoodNet sentinel states, while the rate of O157 STEC infection decreased from 2.17 to 0.95 per 100,000 (Gould et al., 2013). By the way, Magwedere et al. (2013) also reported retail ground meat samples were purchased at grocery stores, local farmers’ markets, and online vendors, out of 16 ground chicken samples, 7 samples tested positive for O157 STEC. On the other hand, E. coli also causes diverse extraintestinal infections by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), urinary tract infections (UTI) is a good example to illustrate. The economic burden associated with urinary tract infections is estimated to be approximately 1.5 billion in the United States annually. According to previous studies, the food animal and meat reservoir might exist and isolate from retail chicken meat products for UPEC (Jakobsen et al., 2010; Shortlidge et al., 2013; Natalie et al., 2015). In recent research suggested UPEC besides the ability to

L-broth, or a sterile growth media, is dispensed at 35mL into a sterile 125mL flask. Small volumes of E. coli are added to each flask. Each flask is then placed into three separate shaking incubators set for specific temperatures of twenty-five degrees Celsius, thirty degrees Celsius, thirty-seven degrees Celsius, and forty-two degrees Celsius. The incubators are all set to the same shaking speed of 125 rotations per minute. A Spectrophotometer is also used to estimate the density of the culture. A spectrophotometer is a device that transmits a beam of light through space toward a light sensor (Trzepacz et. al). The spectrophotometer measures the density of the culture by measuring the amount of light that travels through to the sensor. The spectrophotometer is set to transmit light at a 600nm wavelength. In order to do so, 1.0 mL of the culture is transferred with a plastic pipet into a cuvette. To remove bubbles from the culture, the bottom of the cuvette is gently tapped. The cuvette is then placed into the spectrophotometer. While the 1.0 mL is being measured, the rest of the E. Coli culture is in the shaking incubators. Every 20 minutes, a new 1.0 mL sample is taken from the E. Coli culture in the incubators and is measured in the spectrophotometer. Four to five absorbance readings were collected during each lab period throughout the

Escherichia coli, oe e.coli, is a safe bacteria found in the large intestine, but also a dangerous bacteria outside of the body. While inside the body the bacteria produces vitamin K which cannot be obtained from food. Therefore e.coli is an essential bacteria in the human body. This bacteria is also a facultative anaerobe meaning it can live with and without oxygen. This means that it can thrive inside of the body, but it can also thrive outside of the body. When e.coli is outside of the body it is very dangerous. E.coli can be found in uncooked meats, unpeeled vegetables, unwashed fruits, and everything contaminated with feces. Dr. Harrlet Burge (2011) stated that e.coli can survive in water for up to 100 days and can remain in soil for as many as 15 weeks. Once the e.coli bacteria infects a human being, the person will experience diarrhea and abdominal pain, both from the bacteria

E.coli is a bacteria that inhabits the intestine of animals and humans, some E.coli strains are harmless and other strains can cause you to get really sick. If the E.coli spreads outside the intestine it can cause infections in the urinary system which can harm the bladder,kidneys. Other

The quality and standard of food and water is a universal objective in food safety and a public health priority. The advent of globalisation has been chiefly positive, however negative impacts such as pathogen transmission through exported food can be a risk to population health. The exponential transmission of Escherichia Coli bacteria can transcend geographical and class barriers, impacting both high and low income societies. A causal link between Shiga-toxin producing E. coli and Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome has been established, due to the detrimental health impacts, this is deemed a high public health priority. Ongoing research, outbreak tracing and other relevant information needs to be maintained and notified on the syndrome.

Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacillus that is facultatively anaerobic and which is classified as part of the Enterobacteriaceae family. It is most commonly found in the lower intestines of warm blooded organisms although it is capable of surviving outside of the host for an extended time and may be spread through contact of infected fecal matter as well as personal contact with an infected host. Several strains of E. coli live in endotherms as part of the normal flora of the gut and provide their hosts with benefits such as the production of vitamin K2 and the prevention of establishment of the intestines by pathogenic bacteria thereby forming a mutualistic relationship with their hosts. There are five strains of E. coli which can cause gastroenteritis in people through the production of shiga toxins leading to illness and even death. However E. coli has been a large part of many valuable contributions to science for the last 60 years due to its genetic simplicity as well as its fast growth and inexpensive culturing requirements.

Escherichia Coli (E. coli) 0157:h7 is mainly a food borne pathogen but an area of concern to me regarding E. coli 0157:h7 are the reports of this bacterium being present in recreational areas and drinking sources that can cause illnesses for individuals. What causes this to occur? What happens to waste and feces after floods or heavy rains. What are solutions to help keep recreational areas safer? E. coli was discovered in 1885 by a German Austrian pediatrician named Theodore Escherich using samples from healthy individuals’ feces. Escherichia coli is a bacterium that lives in the intestines of humans and animals. The presence of this bacteria is a part of a healthy intestinal tract. E. coli usually poses no threats in the healthy individual but can become a great problem for the sick, young, elderly and those with a weakened immune system. E. coli is a gram negative, facultatively anaerobic rod shaped bacterium. The cell wall is composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane. It can be grown and cultured easily and inexpensively in a lab setting, thus making it one of the most studied bacteria. E. coli is known as a prokaryotic model organism. E. coli causing disease is caused by Shiga toxin that cause serious illness in people. Transmission of this pathogen is normally a common problem with contaminated cattle consumption and under

Most e coli do not affect people and actually are a very important part of keeping people healthy especially in the intestinal tract. Although there are some e coli that are pathogenic this means that they cause illness this is done either by giving people diarrhoea or illness that is outside the intestinal tract. These types of e coli that cause diarrhoea are usually transmitted through contaminated water ,food, or contact with animals or persons. E coli kill people by causing dehydration from diarrhoea and vomiting. E coli are considered gram negative bacteria. Colonies of e coli are circular in shape as well as having an entire margin it is also raised and size is considered punctiform (small). The texture of the colony is also smooth and the appearance is shiny and is no pigmented (colourless) as well as being