CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
From ancient times, the purpose of establishing an organization is to achieve certain goals and objectives. The manager has a function to play in attaining of set goals which cannot be underestimated with the increased society complexity and size increase of organization. The manager influences other workers to contribute and do their best to achieve organization objectives. Organization management therefore involves in making efficient use of human resources to accomplish desired objectives. It involves manager’s direction, evaluation and coordination of people to achieve the set goals. The management and/or manager of an organization who desires to succeed in meeting set goals must be sensitive to human factors of the company and create an atmosphere that is conducive to encourage and motivate the workers. It is therefore paramount building motivation factors into roles of organization, staff of these roles and the general process of leading and directing must be founded on the knowledge of employee motivation. This chapter will therefore explain the major motivational theories, strategies, factors affecting the strategies, importance and the two types. It will also explain the motivational effects of intrinsic and extrinsic reward.
The aim of this chapter is to give a comprehensive literature review of motivation. This would enable any reader to have an in-depth understanding in the aspect of motivation theories in modern
Without going into the fine details and depth of all the motivational theory, we will use
In any workplace, workers are no doubt the essential mainstay that holds any business or corporation together. Employees achieve important tasks to help the company’s long term vision and goals to be successful and efficient. A business can’t be successful without a proper management that is why it is important for employees to enjoy going to work and they also have maintain a positive attitude while being productive and completing tasks. Motivation is what gives a person the purpose to perform or behave in a certain way with the desire or willingness to gain something. There are two types of motivations, motivation that comes from a person and motivation that comes from materially goals. It is very necessary that employers keep their employees motivated and encourage them to perform above expectations.
'Motivation is a process that influences the direction, persistence and vigour of goal-directed behaviour. Psychology 's diverse theoretical perspectives views motivation through different lenses. (Passer, Smith, Holt, Bremner, Sutherland, Vliek., 2009, p.475). The psychological motivational theory that I
Motivation has become a term as ubiquitous as it is undefinable. What exactly is motivation and how is it used to achieve a desired result? In many circumstances, individuals are motivated by different aspects at different times in their lives. Compounding this issue further are the environmental factors embedded in an individuals motivation. Depending on an individual's background, he or she may be motivated differently than others of similar socio economic circumstances. As such, it is quite difficult to appraise the merits of a single motivational characteristic or theory. This difficulty has given rise to numerous theories of motivation throughout history, each with its own distinct value. The problem with many of these theories is that they are imperfect by nature and do not encompass all possible options of behavior. This document will focus primarily on the achievement motivation theory established by Harackiewicz, Barron, Carter, Lehto, & Elliot in 1997 and how it can and cannot be used effectively within workplace situations.
Theories of Motivation got their start around the 1930s and have changed from the idea that people are not aware of choices they are making to the idea that we are actually aware and are able to make decisions. In this article we will take a look at several theories of motivation, although there are others we won’t touch on here.
I am sure that many people know what motivation is, but in this paper I will
Ushioda & Dörnyei (2012) identified 4 stages in the development of motivation field (the social-psychological period, the cognitive-situated period, the process-oriented period and the socio-dynamic period), each of which can be associated with a certain motivation theory and framework. Below will be given a short description of each stage with prominent researchers who have developed certain frameworks or were working, using them:
Employee motivation is an important business issue in every organization. Motivation is the reason that we do things (Kiniki & Fugate, 2016). I have noticed a distinct lack of motivation that is pervasive in my organization. There are two forms of employee motivation: extrinsic and intrinsic motivation (Kiniki & Fugate, 2016). Extrinsic motivation involves external rewards such as recognition, money, or a promotion (Kiniki & Fugate, 2016). This form of motivation is not prominent in my organization because raises and promotions generally come from years of service. Intrinsic motivation involves positive internal feelings from doing a task well (Kiniki & Fugate, 2016). This form of motivation is the leading form of motivation in my organization. Intrinsic motivation is essential in governmental agencies due to the lack of monetary rewards.
This assignment will evaluate how the organisation might apply the management theories. In addition, will analyse differences between motivating individuals and motivating teams. It will explain what manager skills required in motivating teams and how these elements affect the business decision making and manage the change in the organisation. Also, there will be discussion of how management theories help to fill their purpose. The most important factor to highly motivate a people, a manager should have an effective communication, planning, making decisions, problem solving skills. In addition, understanding team dynamics and encourage a good relationship.
Organizations have become important social institutions that affect nearly everyone's life in one way or another. However, there are many different perspectives that can be used in understanding these organizations. Theorists have produced many different ideas about the best vantage point in which to try to understand how an organization functions. Furthermore, it is important for leaders in the organization to understand these theories so that they can tailor their own concepts and theories and the organizations in which they are members of. This translates in the need for multiple perspectives to be used in the pursuit of understanding an organization and how it functions.
As element that drives the person to strive for the best within his or her own capacity, Guay et al. (2010) defined motivation as reasons that underlie behaviour. It is also interpreted by Huitt, W. (2011) cited Kleinginna and Kleinginna (1981) as an internal state or condition (sometimes described as a need, desire, or want) that serves to activate or energize behaviour and give it direction. With that resonance, it is construed that Theory of Motivation is the conceptual representation that is applicable across many domains of behaviour and provides insights into why behaviour is initiated, maintained, directed and so forth, as per suggested by Graham and Weiner (1996).
“The term ‘motivation’ can refer variously to the goals individuals have, the ways in which individuals chose their goals and the ways in which others try to change their behavior.” (Armstrong, 2009, p. 317)
Organizations are a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet or pursue
In today’s economy, businesses face evolving issues, and attempt to examine ways to obtain a competitive edge. The individuals behind these problem-solving issues are the managers within the company, whether they are first-line managers or top managers. One of the many goals of a manager is to motivate their employees, which makes the organization more efficient. Employee motivation is a very understandable concept, but the process of implementing this to your work staff is very complex. Employee motivation is very essential to running a successful organization, and managers need to find the best strategies to make sure that this is accomplished.
Motivation is one of the most discussed topics in the present era’s organisations, especially since renowned psychologists like Maslow and Herzberg are dedicating their efforts to understanding it. Companies are investing a significant amount of resources in improving productivity in order to maximise profits. One of these important resources is of human nature. In order to get the very best out of employees, some motivational approaches need to be used. But what is motivation and how do I successfully motivate? I will try to relate one of my personal experiences with a friend to some of the most influential motivational theories. After introducing my story and making a definition of motivation I will address the ideas of Taylor,