Lung Cancer Case Studies

3. Something is missing from the scenario. Based on his history, L.J. should have been taking an important medication. What is it, and why should he be taking it?

History of Present Illness: Mr. Olson is a very pleasant 57-year-old gentleman with multiple medical problems to include severe COPD, who is here today for an initial consultation for his shortness of breath. He is followed by a pulmonologist Dr. William Goodman, at the Veteran Affairs Administration. His last evaluation there was in February 2015. Mr. Olson states he has had ongoing dyspnea on exertion over the last two years. He complains of minimal cough. He does note some sinus problems for which he is on Flovent. In the past, he has had pulmonary function testing that did demonstrate reversible airflow obstruction, therefore he likely has some component of asthma overlay. He states that occasionally has chest tightness and chest heaviness. He has gained about 25 pounds over the last year. He is currently using Spiriva, albuterol as needed as well as Symbicort. He is also using supplemental oxygen at 2.5L per minute at night as well as on an as needed basis during the day. Mr. Olson admits to continued tobacco use with about a half pack to a pack a day. He states that when he is feeling depressed, he will smoke more.

Ever since my mother was diagnosed with lung cancer in when I was in middle school, I’ve developed an interest in medicine and the treatment of diseases. Then, last summer, my Chinese teacher was diagnosed with the same type of lung cancer. What I found peculiar is that both of these important women in my life were non-smokers and Chinese; so perhaps this type of cancer is race-associated. A recent publication from the National Cancer Institute seems to back my hypothesis, suggesting that Asian women possessed a unique chromosome associated with lung cancer. Coming from a cancer survivor’s family, I hope to continue to research this correlation and, someday, develop a quick and accurate diagnostic kit or device for cancer identification or implement lung cancer risk screening for Asian American women, similar to the breast cancer risk screenings for women. As a future biomedical engineer,

Throughout life, many individuals experience difficulties due to growing up in everyday life. While going in depth of the human life, it is discovered that there are many diseases and disorders that affect humans’ everyday functions. A very popular disease that has traumatically affected the human body is cancer. Cancer is a disease that spreads throughout your body in many ways. The purpose of cancer is to attach to a blood cell in your body and cause a plague within itself, causing the body to initially shut down and die. This disease contains many forms and have many causes to it. However its main goal is to destroy the human body.

A recent doctor 's visit reveals that Mr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his symptoms of nagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weight loss, and increased carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctor informed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking habit several years ago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancer later in life. Mr. Amos immediately begins treatment for the lung cancer that has metastasized to his lymph nodes.

However, there are stages in the lives of all humans when the body finds itself in a position where it is no longer able to defend itself against ailments and diseases and eventually may even lose the battle. One such disease which claims many lives every year in this manner is Cancer. So far so, there has been no cure for Cancer but some medicines and treatments are now available which can slow down and in some cases can even alter the effects of Cancer, depending on the stage at which the disease is at that moment. For this paper however we would concentrate on Lung Cancer and its effects.

A chest X-ray and CT scan result demonstrated a cavitation of the right lower pulmonary lobe. This result alone along with Bob’s history of smoking is a big red flag related to lung cancer. Bob’s history reveals that he has been smoking a ½ pack or more per day for 37 years. According to a study done on the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of lung cancer, habitual smokers have the highest risk of developing cancer of the lung than any other cancer (Herth, Eberhardt, Ernst, 2006). The study also concludes that a related association with lung cancer is swelling of the tissue, lung tumors and/cavitation, lymph in the bronchioles, and paratracheal areas. The swelling can lead to an obstructed airway, which matches Bob’s symptoms as well. Chest pain, stridor, and chest pain are all indications of complications in the respiratory system.

A cousin of mine, Susan, approached me after her father received open heart surgery. Susan’s father, age 59, has been a chronic smoker since the age of 19. What went from two cigarettes a day quickly become two packs a day, with no end in sight. During July of 2015 he complained of feeling dizziness, shortness of breath,

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Wheeze (as I will call him to protect his identity) entered the emergency department for the fourth time since September 2014, claiming excessive shortness of breath. He was a three pack a day smokers for 30 years who quit in 2010. The patient stated he had gotten progressively short of breath possibly due to the heat. Because he was short of breath, he increased his oxygen flow rate to 5 L/min. This caused his oxygen concentrator to work harder and heated up his bedroom, which made the situation worse. Mr. Wheeze was sent home his last discharge on oxygen at a flow rate of 3 L/min and had previously been diagnosed with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous group of slowly progressive diseases characterized by airflow obstruction that interferes with normal breathing. In 2005, approximately one in 20 deaths in the United States had COPD as the underlying cause. Smoking is estimated to be responsible for at least 75% of COPD deaths. Excess health-care expenditures are estimated at nearly $6,000 annually for every COPD patient in the United States. (Deaths from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2008) For this case study I will concentrate on Mr. Wheeze’s progression during his most recent

History of Present Illness: Ms. Dall is a very pleasant woman who has a very extensive smoking history. She has obtained an initial CT scan, which showed a right upper lobe pulmonary nodule. She has subsequent PET scan and she is here today for followup of those results as well as pulmonary function testing. She continues to smoke about a pack a day and is not willing to quit at this point.

|Specific Purpose: |To inform readers on the causes, effects and treatments of lung cancer. |

Unfortunately in patients diagnosed with lung cancer there is a poor survival rate and the patients face ongoing physical and chronic illness. This illness can often debilitate ones life. One of the most common symptoms associated with this disease is dyspnea (Yates, 2013). According to the American Thoracic Society, dyspnea is a term used to describe the discomfort of breathing that varies in intensity (Ferrell, 2015). According to Marian Grant, dyspnea is often subjective. Lung cancer patients, like Mrs. P, will often tell the nurse or doctor the degree of shortness of breath, but there are other tests such as basic lab work, arterial blood gases, and imaging. Assessments should also include factors that effect Mrs. P breathing such as positioning, exertion, smoking, and determining if her

The rise of modern tobacco recounts a cautionary tale highlighted with both hubris and malfeasance. To study epidemiology’s role concerning lung cancer in the 20th century is to study the virtues of objective deliberation and the failures of dogmatism. From the purview of epidemiology, understanding how hyperbolic discounting leads to catastrophic unintended consequences might provide insight into the applied epidemiological facets of public health policy. Additionally, the modern epidemiologist should understand that dogmatism could lead to myopic discourse fraught with erroneous deliberation. Epidemiology’s relationship with tobacco provides a near perfect example of how objective methods informed populations and guided policy. Under the

DISCUSSION : NSCLC is the leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide Brain, Bone, Liver and adrenal gland are the most common extra pulmonary sites of distant metastases (1) 20-50% of NSCLC will present with metastatic disease. Stage IV NSCLC has an overall median survival time of 7-11 months (2) the standard management of stage IV Lung cancer is palliative chemotherapy with platinum based combination. Patient presenting with Anorexia weight loss and fatigue have an especially poor prognosis which depicts advanced stage and aggressive tumor biology (3) squamous cell carcinoma was associated with a higher probability of treatment response then adeno carcinoma (4) Brain metastases have dismal prognosis without treatment, with median