Muscle Epidemiology Essay

As explained by Opar (3) the hamstring consists of three muscles, biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (ST) semimembranosus (SM), this composes a muscle group crossing the hip and knee joint that acts synergistically in extending the hip and flexing the knee.

This is part of a group of group of injuries called “overuse injuries”, which are most prevalent in runners and athletes who practice strenuous exercise.

Some causes to this disease are due small injuries to the knee area before the knee is finished growing, hence the fact that it is prevalent among miner. The quadriceps muscle affected is key for tasks such as running, jumping or climbing. The quadriceps is a large muscle in the front part of the upper leg. When it squeezes, it straightens the knee. As the quadriceps muscle is continuously

The IT band runs from your hip, across your thigh, to the outside of your knee and connects to the top of your tibia. When running your hip muscles work to stabilize your pelvis. As you rung for long periods of time, these muscles get tired and your hips begin to drop side to side with each forward moving step. As this happens, your knee is forced inward and out of alignment with your foot. Running with your hips dipping side to side and your knee turning inward, your IT band becomes inflamed. This

Patellofemoral syndrome, often called “runner’s knee”, is deep pain anterior to the patella usually caused by excessive running, especially downhill. This may be due to a multitude of abnormal biomechanics or tendencies. Although running is a common and popular exercise, the knee joint is an extremely mobile and unstable joint. And those who initially develop patellofemoral pain usually end up with chronic knee pain (Willy et al., 2012). The patella, only being held in place by ligaments and tendons, is easily manipulated by the pull of muscles attached to these ligaments and tendons. However, there are gender differences between males and females in how they each develop patellofemoral tracking and pain.

Ultimately, avascular necrosis occurs through one final common pathway, which is decreased blood flow to the bone that leads to bone ischemia and death (Seamon). The medial femoral circumflex artery provides the primary blood supply to the femoral head. The MFCA branches off from the profunda femoris artery and anastomoses, or cross connects, with branches of the lateral femoral circumflex and inferior gluteal arteries in order to form an extracapsular arterial ring at the base of the femoral neck (Glynn). Blood is supplied to the femoral head by retinacular vessels that originate at the arterial ring and travel subsynovially along the capsule of the hip joint. The femoral nutrient artery has additional intraosseous vessels that travel from the femoral nutrient artery to the femoral head. The artery of the ligamentum teres derived from the obturator artery and occasionally from the MFCA also supplies a small yet valuable portion of blood to the medial femoral head (Grose). Avascular necrosis of the femoral head occurs when any of these blood supplies are affected.

With patellar dislocation, there are many ways for this injury to occur. One of the most common ways is through contact sports such as football, soccer and lacrosse where there is more of a higher risk to have a patellar injury (Dath, 2006, p. 6). In 2004, Dr. Fiftain recorded that the most prominent sports to manifest anterior knee pain are soccer players, weight lifters, runners, and shooters. From my experience, this pain arises from improper form, sharp movements to the left or right, and prolonged stress on the knee.

This article is about the fast growing technique of endurance running, which has evolved over the years significantly. Although it may seem like a bit trendy and popular, this particular type of running has its pros and cons. Due to the fact that endurance running includes a various amount of repetitive ground impact forces, it is not unlikely for one to develop a stress injury to the lower leg. In order to decrease the risk that comes along with endurance running, preventative measures should be enforced. When running some of the most common injuries that one may be at risk for are patellofemoral pain syndrome, tibial stress fractures, plantar fasciitis, and Achilles tendonitis. But in this article, a new study suggests that Barefoot running contains the potential to promote the healing process, increase performance, and decrease injury rates. Still to this day disagreement exists as to whether barefoot/minimalist running stimulates healing, increases performance and decreases injury rates.

Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome (PFPS) is a term that is used when describing pain in the anterior knee and surrounding areas of the joint. PFPS is most prevalent in athletes, women, and young adults but can also occur in other populations as there are several factors that contribute to PFPS such as overuse injuries, which put a great amount of force and stress on the knee and can contribute to patellar misalignment. Activities such as jogging, squatting, and climbing stairs all put increased force on the knee joints. These repetitive motions and force can cause PFPS especially if the activity’s frequency, duration, or surfaces are changed. Skeletal misalignments between the hips, knees, and ankles or muscular imbalances/weakness can lead to abnormal

Over striding or bad control of pelvic movement can make the hamstrings vulnerable to injury

Achilles tendinitis is when the Achilles tendon becomes inflmed. This is the tend that runs from the calf to the back of your heal. You'll find that this tendon is painful and stiff, especially when you are active or when you get up in the morning. This injury occurs when the tendon is put under repetitive stress and often occurs when you add too much distance to your runs too fast. Calf muscles that are tight also contribute to this problem. Do calf stretches, rest the tendon and ice it regularly to reduce pain in the area.

Long distance running requires the use of many major muscle groups for performance. Some of the major muscles used during running include the quadricep muscles, hamstrings, soleus (inner calf muscles), gastrocnemius (outer calf muscles), hip flexors, and the gluteal muscles. The use of these muscles are powered by high amounts of oxygen in order to go for long periods of time. This form of exercise is aerobic because it uses the cardiorespiratory system to obtain oxygen in order to sustain physical activity. Oxygen use during long distance running is essential because it is used to burn fats and glucose creating ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as a basic energy cell carrier for the body. Long distance running is also continuous in nature because

twitch muscles. Fast twitch muscles have a fast form of myosin ATP and are very

Below the glutes and on the back of the thighs are the hamstrings, which include three different muscles: The biceps femoris, the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus. The hamstrings work to bring the heel toward the butt (knee flexion) and to move the leg backward (hip extensions).

Bigorexia as know as muscle dysmorphia and both have definitions. Bigorexia is defined as “a mental disorder characterized by a normal person´s obsession with an imagined defect in physical appearance; also called muscle dysmorphia” and muscle dysmorphia is defined as “a mental disorder primarily affecting males, characterized by obsessions about a perceived lack of muscularity, leading to compulsive exercising, use of anabolic steroids, etc.” in dictionary.com.