PSQI: A 19-Item Assessment Paper

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder. It can have a devastating impact on one’s emotion, physical, occupation and social life. While it occasionally can be seen in the clinical setting as a primary diagnosis, it most often presents as a comorbidity to a medical or psychiatric issue;

Sleep disturbance among the older adult population is known to be a prevalent issue (Gooneratne, Pack, Staley, Schutte-Rodin, Dinges, & Pack, 2011). Much study has

Universal to every human from birth to death, sleep is a necessary function to survival, productivity, and happiness. While most fall asleep at night with ease, it is estimated that 50-70 million Americans battle sleep or wakefulness disorders. Although sleep disorders do not immediately present with a threat comparable to other common disorders such as depression, bipolar, or schizophrenia, sleep disorders prove very disruptive to one’s quality of life. Insufficient sleep may result in difficulty concentrating, difficulty with memory, trouble with personal care such as hygiene, driving, or managing finances, and poor performance in the workplace. While there is a wide array of sleep related illnesses that may plague any given individual,

Studies have shown that daytime drowsiness, reduced alertness, and diminished intellectual performance is the result of poor sleep quality and shortened duration of sleep (Badran, Yassin, Fox, Laher, & Ayas, 2015). Moreover, it has been documented that disturbances in sleep and shortened duration of sleep can have negative effects on quality of life (Badran et al., 2015; CDC, 2013). Furthermore, without exception, sleep is vital for the brain and body to relax and repair itself for the purpose of functioning adequately (Jackson, Redline, & Emmons, 2015). Several epidemiologic research studies have linked untreated sleep-disordered breathing to several negative health and safety repercussions, including the increase threat of diabetes, depression,

Sleep consultation was performed by a physician specialized in sleep disorders. Patients underwent comprehensive medical history and complete physical examination. All subjects completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) within few days of the sleep study. The ESS is a self-administrated questionnaire that asks subjects to rate how likely they would have dozed (fallen asleep) in 8 specific situations or activities that are commonly met in daily life. The chance of dozing is rated on a scale of 0-3 (0 = would never dose, 1 = slight chance of dozing, 2 = moderate chance of dozing, and 3 = high chance of dozing). The total ESS score is the sum of 8-items scores and can range between 0 and 24. The higher

Dysfunctional Beliefs About Child Sleep Scale, (DBACS). Parents dysfunctional beliefs about children's sleep were analyzed using a an instrument adapted from a DBAS scale for adults. The original had 28 items that were modified to tap into parents dysfunctional beliefs about their child's’ sleep. Two changes were made from the original version, items pertaining to growing older were excluded as they are not relevant to children; word substitutions, the second change, were made to the remaining 22 items. The Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire, (CSHQ), was used to measure the reports made by parents on children with SRP’s. Mothers and fathers were asked to observe their child's sleep behaviors for a week. The CSHQ consists of 45 items forming 8 subscales determine fundamental sleep domains: bedtime resistance, sleep-onset delay, sleep disordered breathing and daytime sleepiness. Parents were asked to rate items on a 3 point scale, and indicate whether they felt there was a problem for their child. Another way to measure an SRP is the Self Sleep Report (SSR), used to measure self reported SRP’s by the children. Sleep diaries and the use of Actigraphs, are used to measure sleep objectively, Actigraphs are motion loggers and it records when the wearer is active or inactive, the periods of inactivity are later logged as rest or sleep. Using Actiwatch-64 and Actiware-CT 5.2, this device and software have shown good concordance against polysomnography in children. The sleep variables measured were: Sleep Onset Latency, Total Sleep Time, and sleep efficiency percent. participants recorded the information a sleep diary; the time they went to bed, lights out, time spent asleep and the time they got out of bed.

To determine internal homogeneity, the researchers found Cronbach’s alpha to be 0.83, which demonstrates a high degree of internal consistency. They analyzed both individual items and the seven component scores, each of which demonstrated strong correlations with one another. To determine test-retest reliability, the researchers used paired t-tests to analyze the global PSQI score and the seven individual component scores. The results demonstrated no differences between the t-test values. Each of the scores were significantly correlated, demonstrating stability in the questionnaire. Validation of the PSQI was determined by looking at the significance of the global PSQI scores via ANCOVA with respect to age and sex as covariates. Age was found to be a significant covariate in the daytime dysfunction component, while sex was found to be a significant covariate in the sleeping medications and habitual sleep efficiency component. The sensitivity of the questionnaire as found to be 89.6% and the specificity was found to be 86.5%. To further validate the PSQI, researchers compared it to variables of sleep obtained via PSG. The PSQI and PSG showed similar scores for sleep latency; however the PSQI overestimates the past month’s sleep duration and efficiency. Overall, the PSQI is a valid measurement tool that demonstrated: (1) subjects and patients can easily use it;

sleep disorders such as insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and fatigue, sleep deprivation and restless leg syndrome (RLS) are increasingly seen in clinical practice. Sleep is considered vital for the preservation of daytime cognitive function and physiological well-being. The insufficient sleep can have detrimental effects on work-life balance, health and global security. The economic burden resulting both at individual and social levels is important. Moreover, sleep disturbances are often associated with other major medical problems such as chronic pain, cardiovascular disease, mental illness, dementia, gastrointestinal disorders and diabetes mellitus. So in order to properly care for patients with

Objective: To evaluate the impact of insomnia severity on wellbeing, quality of life, and healthcare costs.

Many disorders and diseases can result from abnormal sleeping patterns that are triggered from sleep deprivation. The most common forms of sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, and narcolepsy (NINDS 10). All of these sleep disorders begin from sleep deprivation and can be managed once they are diagnosed correctly. According to Urban, “Nervousness, dizziness, and sleeplessness may occur”, as a result of sleep deprivation (1). This proves that the slightest health changes can occur if sleep deprivation becomes a problem. According to NINDS, “The disorders and the resulting sleep deprivation interfere with work, driving, and social activities” (10). This shows that the effects of being sleep deprived can drastically change one’s everyday

In the form of a cross-sectional observational study, the researchers gave four surveys to 462 students at the Saint-Joseph University. The four questionnaires regarded the following: Insomnia Severity Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and Generalized

The components of sleep hygiene guidelines include exercise recommendations, cognitive behavior therapy, progressive muscle relaxation (guided imagery and abdominal breathing),sleep restriction and stimulus control.(L.De La Rue-Evans et al.,2012).These components address each of the domains in the theoretical model: cognitive impairments(deficits in memory, concentration and executive functioning),physical symptoms(fatigue,insomnia,headaches,tinnitus),emotions and behaviors(depression,fear,anger),functional status(IADLS-finances,work,leisure activities) and interpersonal interactions(support, relationship ,communication).(Daggett et al.,2013)Each of the concepts are related to each other and also related to the characteristics of the individual (patient demographics)and characteristics of the environment(adjusting to the society, returning to work).(Daggett et al.,2013).This explains how this model will guide in promoting a conducive sleep

This paper will explore the study into and the results of a study into any possible connection between insomnia with short sleep duration and mortality. The purpose of this paper is to bring forth a better understanding of why this study was implemented and the benefits, if any, of the results stemming from the study. We will focus on the study itself and of its participants. We will also be providing thoughts on the study 's conclusions and of any ramifications that may arise moving forward, that this study provides. The methods that were used by the researchers were simple in theory and in application. Bring together a group of participants, one thousand seven hundred and forty-one to be precise. Study their sleep patterns for a single night and then follow-up on said participants throughout a fourteen year span. The researchers would attempt to discover any and all links between insomnia with short sleep duration and mortality in men and women with their findings. In doing so, the researchers had hoped that their work would lead to a better understanding of the necessity for the treatment of insomnia, and the need for further studies within this field. These researchers concluded that there is a link between insomnia with short sleep duration with mortality in men, although they were not as successful in finding a similar clear link in women.

Inadequate sleep in the United States has been declared a “ public health epidemic” by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ("Health Epidemic," 2014, p. 1). The CDC further states that sleep deprivation may lead to “…difficulty performing daily tasks… may contribute to … hazardous outcomes. Persons experiencing sleep insufficiency are also more likely to suffer from chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, depression, and obesity, as well as from cancer, increased mortality, and

An online questionnaire was chosen as the method for data collection given the popularity and convenience of the Internet for students. The method selected for the data collection was an online questionnaire instead of printing questionnaire because of the suitability, popularity and convenience of the Internet for the university students. The questionnaire was obtained from a previous research study conducted in Iowa State University (…………………). Selected sections and questions were chosen from the questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into three different sections, which are: demographic, sleep habits and quality and academic performance. The scholars designed the demographic section based on a review of associated literature and the demographic data was utilized to determine if the required target audiences was reached. The researchers have adopted all the items from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for the sleep habits and sleep quality section. The PQSI was found consistent (Cronbach’s alpha = .80) and valid and was also utilized in preceding related research study (Backhaus, Junghanns,