Reducing Toxicity of Therapeutic Materials

In an effort to combat this, we will use nanoparticles to deliver anti-mitotic drugs to the site of the tumor. Preliminary data is promising for the administration of both proTAME and apcin, and inhibition of CSCs. In addition, the preliminary data for nanoparticles is promising for the delivery of this therapy across the blood brain barrier. Determining the extent that these nanoparticle/therapy complexes will impact CSCs in vivo is the focus of this aim and will provide information on nanoparticles in complex with anti-mitotic drugs and their ability to cross the blood brain barrier.

Due to the rapid economic development in three megacities in China, there has been a significant increase in the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in both the gaseous form and in the form of particulate matter( PM2.5 and PM10). On account of the rise of concentrations of PAHs in the air, the amount of both seasonal and annual pollution has increased well above the standard and national averages. Researchers collected a number of samples from the three megacities including, Beijing, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and a reference city, Datong. They also collected samples from four cities that are well outside the perimeter of the megacities to adequately compare

Glioma, a destructive type of brain cancer, and other types of brain diseases have been mostly untreatable due to the blood brain barrier (BBB). There have been drugs produced that are effec-tive in treating these diseases, but simply cannot bypass the barrier due to its special properties. It serves to restrict and control the movement of molecules in and out of the brain. In recent years, the use of nanotechnology show promise with their abilities to bypass the BBB to deliver drugs and small molecules into the brain. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) obtained the most interest, as it has been used in earlier applications, and their ability to be tracked by CT imaging or atomic ab-sorption. By first looking at the size of the nanoparticle, researchers were able to decide which size of nanoparticles would have the most AuNP uptake across the BBB. It was found AuNPs less than 50nm are the most ideal for the amount of delivery within brain cells. A precursor prob-lem of reaching the BBB is the protein corona. It labels AuNPs immediately when it enters the bloodstream for phagocytosis. By adding a hydrophilic surfactant onto these AuNPs, it allows for them to have an increase circulation time in the blood to reach the BBB and into the brain. The option of using adsorptive-mediated transcytosis (AMT) or receptor-mediated transcytosis (RMT) will allow nanoparticles to increase their permability acorss the BBB. By utilizing these techniques, nanoparticles are able to enter the brain with

Xianglong et al. found similar results (2) in their paper. The cell number on the Nanotube with 30 nm diameter was significantly higher than the one without the nanotubes. For each incubation time, the surface with the absence of nanotubes had the least cell adhesion. Even with respect to the filopodia the nanotubes showed similar behavior. On the surface withy nanotubes of 30 nm diameter, the actin of the cells was organized along the spreading direction and had formed many filopodia. Interestingly, most of the cells on the surface of 80 nm diameter group maintained a round or oval shape, but the cells also stretched out many filopodia. Cells on the three nanotextured surface had stretched out many filopodia and some lamellipodia. In particular, the cellular cytoskeleton of cells on the 80 nm surface achieved a more homogeneous and extensive arrangement compared with those of the other three groups. The shapes of cells grown on the SLA + 30 nm and SLA + 80 nm surfaces were clearly different. It was observed that those grown on the SLA + 80 nm surface were the most irregularly shaped, while those grown on the SLA + 30 nm surfaces had relatively regular shapes.

Since positively charged nanoparticles could easily uptake nucleic acids, we examined the possibility of using this new DDS to simultaneously deliver different chemotherapeutic drugs and siRNA targeting ABCG2. Our results demonstrated that both anti-tumor drugs and siRNA against ABCG2 were successfully delivered into CD133+ cancer cells of laryngeal carcinoma by loaded MSNs. Down regulation of ABCG2 significantly enhanced the efficacy of apoptosis induction by chemotherapeutic drugs in laryngeal carcinoma cells. Furthermore, the chemotherapeutic drug and siRNA loaded nanoparticles also inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a laryngeal cancer mouse model.

However, many challenges in treating breast cancer patients remain, including reducing treatment-related adverse events, managing triple-negative breast cancer despite poor outcomes and the lack of a therapeutic target, and balancing treatment toxicity with quality of life in patients with metastatic cancer who have already received extensive therapy (Lee et al 2014). Researchers started to use nanotechnology to overcome these barriers in breast cancer treatment and diagnosis. There has been a growing interest in the use of AuNP in biomedical research due to a combination of unique properties, such nanoparticles show good biocompatibility as they are generally considered to be benign,1 possess a high surface area and are characterized by facile surface functionalization through self-assembly of thiolates on the gold surface via formation of the Au–S bond and it has been demonstrated that AuNP can be used as efficient drug delivery vehicles both in cancer diagnostics, e.g., intracellular imaging, and in cancer therapy (Stuchinskaya et al 2011).

The authors of this paper indicate an apparently novel method for improving the cellular uptake of DNA origami-based drug delivery nanocarriers. While the transport protein, transferrin (Tf), has been used to functionalize other types of drug delivery nanocarriers, it had yet to be incorporated into nanocarriers made via DNA origami prior to this publication. The authors demonstrate successful functionalization of Tf to a specific morphology of DNA origami using gel-shift analysis and atomic force microscopy; cellular uptake of the DNA nanocarriers was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The authors subsequently conclude a direct correlation between the

Based on the cell adhesion results demonstrating increased cell-surface interactions, it was expected that the nanotextured PDMS surfaces would exhibit enhanced selective cancer cell capture compared with plain PDMS. To test this

Individuals in the twenty-first century live in a technology-based society that is revolutionizing lifestyles with medical, industrial, and environmental improvements. Nanotechnology, being one of the century’s popular technologies, is the research and application of miniscule objects in fields ranging from engineering to chemistry. It is conducted at a nanoscale system—a scale that is 1000 times smaller than the components currently used in the microelectronics field (“What is Nanotechnology?”). This technology has led to life-changing developments in the biomedical field, which is a combined area of science, engineering, and medicine, and is applied to molecular imaging, molecular diagnosis, as well as targeted therapy (Nie). A targeted

The paper focuses on importance of delivery of small molecules, proteins, and DNA into cells using carbon black (CB) nanoparticles activated by femtosecond laser pulses. Since the existing biological (e.g. viral vectors), chemical (e.g. cationic lipids and polymers) and physical delivery methods (e.g. electroporation) were inefficient and/or had some side effects, in this work, ultrashort laser pulses were used.

When a drug is developed its safety and efficacy has to be established to qualify for a licence to market it in Ireland – Irish Medicines Board or in the USA from the Food & Drug Administration. The drug undergoes a series of tests to prove its medicinal ability is sufficient for the medicines market.

Nanotechnology, the term derived from the Greek word nano, meaning dwarf, applies the principles of engineering, electronics, physical and material science, and manufacturing at a molecular or submicron level. The materials at nanoscale could be a device or a system or supramolecular structures. Earlier Albert Franks defined it as ‘that area of science and technology where dimensions and tolerances are in the nano range. Nanomaterials are the most promising tool in nanotechnology that posses very unique size dependent properties that makes them superior and indispensable in many areas of human activity. In recent years, synthesis and characterization of nanoparticles have received considerable attention because of their distinctive properties and potential uses in various fields like microelectronics, photocatalysis, magnetic devices, biotechnology and biomedical fields. Various nanoformulations have already been studied and applied as drug delivery systems with great success and they still have greater potential for many applications like drugs, antibiotics, protein delivery, imaging techniques, anti-tumour therapy and as a carrier for Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) crossing (Yezhelyev, 2006; Chen, 2013; Naahidi, 2013). Nanoparticles provide massive advantages regarding drug targeting, controlled release and can be combined with diagnosis and other imaging therapy, hence, emerge as one of the major tools in nanomedicine (Shrivastav, 2013; Jain, 2012).

CD44, is one of the recognized tumorand CSC biomarkers and the main receptor for HA, playing important roles in tumor development by involvement in cell adhesion and cell migration (Cortes-Dericks et al. 2017; Misra et al. 2015). Considering the roles of CD44 as a biomarker in the assessment of treatment response, screening and differential diagnosis; expansion of a nanobody with its unique characteristics for the recognition of CD44 could contribute todiagnosis, therapy and drug delivery fornumerous cancer (Misra et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2016). To date, many naïve and

Researchers are developing customized nanoparticles the size of molecules that can deliver drugs directly to diseased cells in your body. When it's perfected, this method should greatly reduce the damage treatment such as chemotherapy does to a patient's healthy cells.

The primary focus of this term paper consists of two parts. First, review chitosan-based drug delivery system for the delivery of traditional low molecular weight drugs based on a review paper titled “targeted delivery of low molecular drugs using chitosan and its derivatives” (Advanced Drug delivery reviews, 2010). Second, critique an original research paper about hydrotropic oligomer-conjugated glycol chitosan as a carrier for tumor-targeted paclitaxel delivery, which was published in Journal of Controlled Release in 2013 (title: Enhanced drug-loading and therapeutic efficacy of hydrotropic oligomer-conjugated glycol chitosan nanoparticles for tumor-targeted paclitaxel delivery).